PubMed · 13236956
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A MARTINEZ MARCHETTI. 1954-09-24. [Prolonged bronchoclysis; technic].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13236956/
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Bronchial varices, which have rarely been described in the radiology literature, can be the result of pulmonary venous obstruction and may present with hemoptysis. This case is an illustration of this rare condition, which correlates CT findings with bronchoscopic findings. We also describe the findings on phase-contrast MR that demonstrated reversed diastolic flow in the branch pulmonary artery supplying the affected lung.
The sleeping state is accompanied by many changes in gastroesophageal function that may be of importance in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). At nighttime, gastric acid production is increased, gastric emptying is delayed, esophageal clearance is markedly delayed, and upper esophageal sphincter pressure diminishes significantly. Further, unlike daytime esophageal acid exposure, which appears more easily controlled with medical treatment, nocturnal gastric acid production appears difficult to suppress pharmacologically. Nighttime reflux may be associated with a greater prevalence of supraesophageal reflux symptoms as well. At the same time, protective airway reflexes may limit esophageal reflux in some patients. Derangements in the protective mechanisms should be elucidated, as these might account for susceptibility to GERD in patients with nighttime reflux.
Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides that play important roles in host defense against infection, inflammation and immunity. Previous studies showed that micro-organisms and proinflammatory mediators regulate the expression of these peptides in airway epithelial cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the modulation of expression of hBDs in cultured primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) by rhinovirus-16 (RV16), a respiratory virus responsible for the common cold and associated with asthma exacerbations. RV16 was found to induce expression of hBD-2 and -3 mRNA in PBEC, but did not affect hBD-1 mRNA. Viral replication appeared essential for rhinovirus-induced beta-defensin mRNA expression, since UV-inactivated rhinovirus did not increase expression of hBD-2 and hBD-3 mRNA. Exposure to synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecule polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid had a similar effect as RV16 on mRNA expression of these peptides in PBEC. In line with this, PBEC were found to express TLR3, a Toll-like receptor involved in recognition of dsRNA. This study shows that rhinovirus infection of PBEC leads to increased hBD-2 and hBD-3 mRNA expression, which may play a role in both the uncomplicated common cold and in virus-associated exacerbations of asthma.