PubMed · 13240620
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R H KOTTE. Community safety programs: a challenge.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13240620/
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Drowning represents the second leading cause of unintentional injury death in children less than 19 years. In children less than 5 years, many of these deaths occur in bathtubs. The objective of this study was to describe parental beliefs and practices regarding bathing their children and general water safety to aid in improving anticipatory guidance for drowning prevention. We distributed a written survey about parental beliefs and practices concerning their children's bathing and general water safety to a convenience sample of caregivers. One hundred and thirty-six caregivers participated in the survey providing data for a total of 209 children. Overall, 85% of respondents reported using baby bathtubs, and 46% reported using bath seats when bathing their children. Some caregivers reported leaving a 6-12 months old child unsupervised in the tub, either alone or with a sibling. About half of respondents (52%) indicated that pediatricians discussed water safety and supervision with them, and 36% indicated discussing the proper use of bathing aids with their child's pediatrician. In conclusion, the survey found the majority of caregivers use bathing aids, and caregivers reported some risky behaviors of unsupervised bathing of infants, either alone or with siblings. Better water safety anticipatory guidance is needed for caregivers.
This study gives a global overview of accidental oil spills from all sources (> or =700t) for the period 1970-2004, followed by a detailed examination of trends in accidental tanker spills. The present analysis of the number and volume of tanker spills includes temporal and spatial spill trends, aspects of spill size distribution as well as trends of key factors (i.e., flag state, hull type, tanker age, accident cause and sensitivity of location). Results show that the total number and volume of tanker spills have significantly decreased since the 1970s, which is in contrast to increases in maritime transport of oil and to popular perceptions following recent catastrophic events. However, many spills still occur in ecologically sensitive locations because the major maritime transport routes often cross the boundaries of the Large Marine Ecosystems, but the substantially lower total spill volume is an important contribution to potentially reduce overall ecosystem impacts. In summary, the improvements achieved in the past decades have been the result of a set of initiatives and regulations implemented by governments, international organizations and the shipping industry.
Current and previous placement of wildlife warning signs by the Finnish Road Administration is based on suggestions from hunting associations and individuals. The problem within this practice is that the placement of warning signs is not a transparent process. Within this paper, we evaluate the current placement of wildlife warning signs for the Uusimaa region in southern Finland and develop a method to optimise warning sign placement using kernel density estimations, which are based on existing wildlife-vehicle accident records. The contour lines of these densities can indicate the road sections to be marked with warning signs. To apply a well-documented computational method, based on these moose and white-tailed deer accident locations, assists the Finnish Road Administration in their task to place, replace and assess wildlife-warning signs for specific road sections.