PubMed · 13434220
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H ARNOLD. 1957-01-15. [Vertebral ossification disorders].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13434220/
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Tobacco represents the single most preventable cause of disease and death in the world today. The countries of Central Europe bear a disproportionate burden of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. For example, some of the highest rates worldwide of cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence are in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania. This chapter first describes the extent of tobacco use in five central European countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia and then considers mortality from tobacco related disease. Data from two diseases, lung cancer and oral cancer, which result almost exclusively from tobacco use are considered. Finally, the relationship between tobacco use and oral disease is discussed.
With the official completion of the Human Genome Project in April 2003, we have both the opportunity and the imperative to translate this unprecedented scientific accomplishment into tangible improvements in human health. Medical benefits from the genome will come in stages and can be conceptualized as occurring in three areas: improved understanding of disease causation at the molecular level, improved diagnosis and disease classification based on genetic profiles, and new therapeutics based on targets identified in the genome. These improvements will require increased physician understanding of genetic principles applied to common diseases.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a factory where secretory proteins are manufactured, and where stringent quality-control systems ensure that only correctly folded proteins are sent to their final destinations. The changing needs of the ER factory are monitored by integrated signalling pathways that constantly adjust the levels of folding assistants. ER chaperones and signalling molecules are emerging as drug targets in amyloidoses and other protein-conformational diseases.