PubMed · 13473589
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M BALABAN. 1957-09-09. [Cryptitis and papillitis].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13473589/
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A female Japanese Black calf was born on 25 March 2003 at Hiroshima University Farm as a co-twin to a male Japanese Black calf. The male calf showed no external urogenital abnormalities. The absence of anal opening and external features of freemartinism were observed in the female. A small opening to the vulva (about 1.5 cm in length) with fused lips and a prominent clitoris were seen. The hair around the vulva was 3.5 cm in length and was heavy and dense. The distance from the vulva to the atretic anus was 9.0 cm. There were no other detectable abnormalities on physical examination. The PCR-based DNA test showed male-specific sequences confirming the calf to be freemartin. At autopsy 1 day after the calf birth, the gonads were found to be small and hard and the left uterine horn showed segmental aplasia near its proximal end. Two seminal glands (remnants of mesonephric duct) were located on both sides of the uterine body. A cervix was absent. The vagina was underdeveloped and looked like a tubual structure. The rectal end was closed, while the distance from the end of the atretic rectum to the absent anal opening was about 4.0 cm. On histological examination, the gonads exhibited extensive morphologic alteration; there was no cortex with the absence of ovarian structures. The seminal glands consisted of hypoplastic glandular tissue surrounded by extensive fibrous connective tissue. In conclusion, this is a case report of a freemartin with atresia recti and ani.
BACKGROUND: The study aims were (1) to estimate agreement between consecutive anal cytologic examinations, between concurrent cytologic examination and histopathology, and between high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) visual impression and histopathology and (2) to estimate the prevalence of severe dysplasia by concurrent cytologic category. METHODS: Prospective study of HIV-infected patients receiving anal dysplasia screening as part of routine care. Agreement between measures was estimated by weighted kappa-statistics. RESULTS: Between July 2000 and September 2003, 1864 patients underwent 2947 anal cytology tests. Excluding unsatisfactory tests (6%), 642 patients had repeat cytologic evaluation and 154 had concurrent cytology tests and biopsy. Using 4-category cytology grading, kappa-agreement between the first 2 cytologic measurements was 0.36. Comparing concurrent cytology tests and biopsy, kappa-agreement was 0.36. Comparing the most severe HRA visual impression and biopsy, kappa-agreement was 0.32. The prevalence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia 3 at biopsy by concurrent cytology category was 0 (cytology normal), 21% (atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance), 27% (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion), and 54% (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the reproducibility of key screening measures is moderate at best but of similar magnitude to that of other studies of anal and cervical dysplasia screening. As candidate interventions to treat or prevent precursor lesions enter clinical development, standardization and improvement of measurement methods are essential.
AIM: Many authors have suggested that the activity of the enteric inhibitory nerves is important in regulating normal gastrointestinal motility and inducing smooth muscle relaxation. Hitherto, no experimental or clinical models exist that transfer these physiological aspects to creating an autologous artificial sphincter for the treatment of major incontinence. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the contractile and relaxant capacity of gastrointestinal muscle types and to investigate the efficiency of a novel smooth muscle sphincter, based on the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) receptive relaxation under electrical field stimulation (EFS). METHODS: For the first step, the isometric tension from isolated circular porcine fundus and colon muscle strips was recorded during pharmacological stimulation (TTX, L-NNA and atropine) and EFS. As a result, a continent electrodynamic smooth muscle sphincter (ESMS) was created by wrapping a fundus muscle flap around an isolated segment of porcine distal colon. The EFS of the free nerve fibers of the flap was realized using a circular platinum wire electrode. Parameters such as threshold of continence, intra/preluminal pressure and fluid passage were analyzed in a newly designed in vitro stoma simulator. RESULTS: Electrical field stimulation produced a maximal and voltage-dependent fundus relaxation to --12.4 mN/mm(2) (frequency of 40 Hz, pulse duration, train duration and voltage of 5 ms, 1 s and 60 mA respectively), which were abolished by N-nitro-L -arginine (L-NNA; 10(-4) M) in a dose-dependent manner, confirming that relaxant responses were mediated by NANC nerves. The results of eight ESMS showed that circular electrical stimulation of the muscle flap caused muscle relaxation with a concomitant and effective reduction in the occlusion pressure. CONCLUSION: The NANC-induced relaxation mechanism of porcine fundus preparations could be transferred to an efficient smooth muscle sphincter with a high threshold of continence and electrically controlled defecation.