PubMed · 14083592
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E W FONKALSRUD, W F BARKER. 1963. ULCERATIVE COLITIS IN INFANCY.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14083592/
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Corticotropin Releasing Hormone-Binding Protein (CRH-BP), a 37 kDa secreted glycoprotein, binds both CRH and urocortin with high affinity and is structurally unrelated to the CRH receptors. CRH-BP orthologues have been identified in multiple invertebrate and vertebrate species. It is strongly conserved throughout evolution, suggesting the maintenance of a structural conformation necessary for biological activity. CRH-BP is an important modulator of CRH activity; it inhibits CRH-induced ACTH secretion from pituitary corticotropes and may exert similar actions at central sites of CRH release. While the function of CRH-BP is thought to be primarily inhibitory, recent studies indicate that novel functional roles may exist in both the brain and pituitary. Regulation of CRH-BP expression by stress and metabolic factors are consistent with in vivo models of altered CRH-BP expression. Positive regulation of pituitary CRH-BP by reproductive hormones suggests that additional interactions between the stress and reproductive axes may exist. While recent research has focused on the evolutionary conservation, expanded sites of expression, regulation and in vivo function of CRH-BP, a more complete understanding of the central and peripheral functions of CRH-BP and its mechanisms of action will help elucidate its potential role in the etiology or treatment of disorders of CRH dysregulation.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is a bacterial superantigen that engages the immune system in a T-lymphocyte-dependent manner and induces a cytokine profile distinct from that elicited by the better-studied bacterial pathogen analog, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Because of reports of SEB recruiting central nervous system (CNS) host defense mechanisms via pathways in common with LPS, we sought to further characterize central systems impacted by this agent. Rats were treated with SEB at doses of 50-5,000 mug/kg, and killed 0.5-6 hours thereafter. SEB injection produced a discrete pattern of Fos induction in brain that peaked at 2-3 hours postinjection and whose strength was dose-related. Induced Fos expression was predominantly subcortical and focused in a set of interconnected central autonomic structures, including aspects of the bed n. of the stria terminalis, central amygdala and lateral parabrachial nuclei; functionally related (and LPS-responsive) cell groups in the n. solitary tract, ventrolateral medulla, and paraventricular hypothalamic n. (PVH) were, by contrast, weakly responsive. SEB also activated cell groups in the limbic forebrain (lateral septal n, medial prefrontal cortex) and hypothalamic GABAergic neurons, which could account for its failure to elicit reliable increases in Fos-ir or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in the PVH. SEB nevertheless did provoke reliable pituitary-adrenal secretory responses. The identification of subsets of central autonomic and limbic forebrain structures that are sensitive to SEB provides a basis for a systems-level understanding of the physiological and behavioral effects attributed to the superantigen. Core SEB-responsive cell groups exclude a medullary-PVH circuit implicated in pituitary-adrenal responses to LPS.
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