PubMed · 14105940
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J R WHEELER. 1963. THREE GENERATIONS.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14105940/
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Green's well-known area theorem establishes an equivalence between the area under the yes-no ROC curve and the percent correct of an unbiased observer in a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) task with equivalent stimuli. In this article, we show that this conversion from yes-no detection data to hypothetical performance in a 2AFC task is unnecessary: The same yes-no detection data that are used to compute the area statistic can always be used to compute the percent correct of an unbiased observer in the yes-no detection task itself. We also show that the ROC curve may not be the ideal graphical device for many investigators. A more natural representation of the difficulty of a discrimination task is obtained by plotting the distribution of the posterior betting odds under equal base rates, which can be estimated from their distributions under unequal base rates. Finally, unlike the area measure and other traditional detection theory statistics, both the yes-no percent correct measure and the odds distributions generalize in an obvious and direct way to classification paradigms with more than two responses (e.g., identification).
The influential Berkeley theoretical physicist Geoffrey Chew renounced the reigning approach to the study of subatomic particles in the early 1960s. The standard approach relied on a rigid division between elementary and composite particles. Partly on the basis of his new interpretation of Feynman diagrams, Chew called instead for a "nuclear democracy" that would erase this division, treating all nuclear particles on an equal footing. In developing his rival approach, which came to dominate studies of the strong nuclear force throughout the 1960s, Chew drew on intellectual resources culled from his own political activities and his attempts to reform how graduate students in physics would be trained.
Since the epoch-making publication of Sir Francis Galton, twin research has been an excellent method in order to assess the influence of nature and nurture. In this overview the history of twin research is described for the field of psychogenic disorders by the examples of diagnosis of zygosity, representativity of the sample, criminality, homosexuality and some disorders such as enuresis, obsessive-compulsive disorders and anorexia nervosa. Nowadays the modern methods of molecular genetics for diagnosis of zygosity offer new and overwhelming possibilities of twin research.