PubMed · 14225270
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V HINGORANI. 1964-10-16. FUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14225270/
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The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of low-dose hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on ultrasound thickness of the endometrium and on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. Two hundred and fifty-four postmenopausal women were included in the study; 124 completed three years of treatment with continuous HRT containing 1 mg oestradiol and 0.5 mg norethisterone acetate daily, and 130 women did not take HRT during the same time (control group). Ultrasound scan showed that the mean thickness of the endometrium was similar between the groups under investigation at the end of the study. Ninety-one percent of the women in the HRT group and 78% in the control group had an atrophic or unassessable endometrium and no cases of endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy were detected in either group at endometrial biopsy at the end of the study. It seems that low-dose continuous HRT of moderate duration is not associated with either endometrial hyperplasia or malignancy.
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are part of an expanded family of proteins called the astacin family of zinc metalloproteinases. The MMPs, probably balanced by their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), are essential effectors of developmental processes participating in cell migration, cell proliferation, apoptosis and tissue morphogenesis. The MMPs regulate the function of biologically active molecules as well as fulfilling an important role in endothelial cell invasion, angiogenesis and in tumor progression. The dynamic normal physiology of the human reproductive system involves almost all of the above-mentioned aspects of MMPs activity. This review presents and discusses new insights into the role of MMPs, and their TIMPs, in human endometrial cycle and ovarian function.