PubMed · 14277645
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C A DRAGSTEDT. 1965. HASH.. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.1965.0015
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Beginning with Freud, psychoanalysts have discovered media through which they may achieve a self-analytic experience (for example, by use of dreams, fantasies, reveries, memories, and even visual images). Each of these media is a kind of "fiction" created by the analyst that provides an imaginative space where he or she may gain access to unconscious life. The author demonstrates how a generative self-analytic experience may be accomplished through the medium of psychoanalytic writing: a fictional autobiographical form of writing through which a self-analytic experience is created that has much in common with the analytic experience created by the analyst and analysand.
The quantum changes of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy are clarified by the partly overlapping concept of a literary epiphany. The qualities of an epiphany-intensity, resonance, and mystery-are much like the vividness and surprise of a quantum change (which also is felt to be beneficent and permanent). Epiphanic intensity and mystery reinforce the quantum attributes of love and lasting transformation in Dostoevsky's sudden memory of the motherlike tenderness of the peasant Marey. Tolstoy underlines the quantum effects of the embracing light seen in A Confession, but this epiphany is more abstract and attenuated than Dostoevsky's Diary episode. Tolstoy's earlier memoir shows how the shock of identity questioning introduces a complicating factor: the trauma of remorse. Clinical implications of the two authors' quantum-change accounts are discussed.
Social phobia is a persistent disorder that is unlikely to be maintained by avoidance alone. One reason for the enduring nature of social phobia may be the way individuals with the disorder process social information. It is important for those involved in social phobia to have an understanding of information-processing biases, because it has the potential to guide psychological interventions. In this review of social phobia, probability and cost estimates of social situations are examined, interpretive biases are evaluated and findings relating to memory and negative imagery are also reviewed. The clinical implications of social-phobia-related information-processing biases are discussed and possible avenues for future research are outlined.