PubMed · 14333048
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R N MEALS. 1965-05-28. SILICONES.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb45384.x
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Lipidic polylysine dendrimers, synthesized using Fmoc solid phase peptide techniques, have been formulated as nanoparticles by precipitation from solution in dichloromethane. The effect of concentration on the diameter and stability of nanoparticles formed from two short homologous series of dendrimers--one fifth generation and one sixth generation series and with surface C4, C10 or C12 groups--was investigated using photon correlation spectroscopy. The increase in generation from fifth to sixth resulted in increased diameter for each chain length. An increase in the surface lipidic chain length from C4 to C12 had no effect on the particle diameter of aggregates derived from fifth generation dendrimers, and a small and variable effect on the sixth generation derived nanoparticles. Using pyrene (excitation 340 nm) as a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, a decrease in intensity peak I1 (374 nm)/I3 (385 nm) in the emission spectra (340-600 nm) was observed in the two dendrimers studied, fifth generation dendrimers with C10 or C12 surface lipidic chains, as the dendrimer concentration increased, reaching a plateau at higher concentrations, indicating that a more compact form of the aggregates with a more hydrophobic interior was obtained. Apart from the hydrophobicity of the dendrimers and dendrimer concentration, the flexibility of the dendrimers might have a significant effect in determining nanoparticle size. The aggregates derived from the fifth generation dendrimers with C10 or C12 surface lipidic chains are stable in purified intestinal fluid but not in purified stomach fluid, in which further aggregation of the nanoparticulate dendrimer aggregates occurs as an effect of pH, salts, proteins and enzymes in these fluids. This study demonstrates, inter alia, the importance of testing nanoparticulate delivery systems in relevant physiologically based fluids prior to their use in vivo.
Current vaccine development includes optimization of antigen delivery to antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DC). Particulate systems have attracted increasing attention in the development of vaccine delivery systems. In the present study, we investigated DC uptake of model fluorescent polystyrene particles with a broad size range and variable surface properties. Localization of particles was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy and uptake was quantified by flow cytometry. Immature DC were generated from mononuclear cells isolated from human blood. The polystyrene particles interacted with the DC throughout the tested diameter range of 0.04-15 microm in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The optimal particle diameter for fast and efficient acquisition by a substantial percentage of the DC was 0.5 microm and below. The surface of 1 and 0.1 microm polystyrene particles was covalently modified with different polyaminoacids/proteins, yielding particles with varying surface charge. Uptake of 1 microm particles was greatly enhanced when particles displayed a positive surface charge. In general, the present findings establish that particle diameters of 0.5 microm and below were optimal for DC uptake; however uptake of larger particles could be greatly enhanced by rendering the particle surface positive. Whether increased particle uptake is correlated with increased immune responses, remains to be established.
A rapid and valid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for determination of recombinant human interferon omega (rhIFNomega) in the yeast Pichia pastoris fermentation broth was developed. The method is based on the hydrophobicity of rhIFNomega followed by RP-HPLC separation with UV detection. The chromatography analysis was performed on EC 250/4 NUCLEOSIL 300-5 C18 (250 mm x 4 mm i.d., 300 A, with a particle size of 5 microm) column. The compositions of the mobile phase A and B were 999:1 (v/v) water/TFA and 999:1 (v/v) acetonitrile/TFA at a flow rate of 1.0 ml min(-1). Detection was done by spectrophotometry at 280 nm and the column temperature was 30+/-1 degrees C. Calibration curve was linear (r=0.9986, n=7) in the range of 0.074-0.555 mg ml(-1) for rhIFNomega and the regression equation was y=2.02 x 10(6)x-1.27 x 10(5). Limit of detection for rhIFNomega was 0.053 mg ml(-1). The values of R.S.D. (%) of intra-day and inter-day precision were <5.65 and <5.68 (n=6), respectively. The R.S.D. (%) values and the average recovery rate of recovery experiment were <1.23 (n=3) and 97.97%.