PubMed · 14369599
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W SCHEIDT. 1955-02-25. [Body image problems].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14369599/
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Several studies indicate that socially advantaged women are more dissatisfied with their bodies than socially disadvantaged women. These findings have been based on women's current social class, and no attention has been paid to the social class of her family of origin or to intergenerational social mobility. In the present research 912 54-year-old women from a prospective birth cohort study provided self-report data on current body esteem (appearance and weight dimensions). Childhood and adult social class (manual versus non-manual) were defined based on father's occupation and own or partner's occupation, respectively. This information and the highest educational qualifications recorded by age 26 were gathered prospectively. Indicators of current and adolescent body mass index (BMI) were computed from height and weight values collected at ages 15 (or 11) and 53-54 years. Multiple regression was used to examine the relationship between midlife body esteem and childhood social class, adult social class, educational qualifications, and social mobility, unadjusted and adjusted for BMI. Women from the non-manual classes as adults were more dissatisfied with their weight than women from the manual classes as adults, for a given BMI. Adjusting for BMI, downwardly mobile women were more satisfied with their appearance than stable non-manual women. Adjusting for BMI, higher educational qualifications were associated with more dissatisfaction with weight and with appearance, and education appears to be more important than occupationally defined social class in explaining body dissatisfaction. A clearer understanding of the relationship between socio-economic position and body dissatisfaction demands that the following distinctions are made: weight versus appearance satisfaction, education versus occupation, and current social class versus intergenerational social mobility.
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined as a preoccupation with an "imagined" defect in one's appearance. Alternatively, where there is a slight physical anomaly, then the person's concern is markedly excessive. The preoccupation is associated with many time consuming rituals such as mirror gazing or constant comparing. BDD patients have a distorted body image, which may be associated with bullying or abuse during childhood or adolescence. Such patients have a poor quality of life, are socially isolated, depressed, and at high risk of committing suicide. They often have needless dermatological treatment and cosmetic surgery. The condition is easily trivialised and stigmatised. There is evidence for the benefit of cognitive behaviour therapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in high doses for at least 12 weeks, as in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is no evidence of any benefit of antipsychotic drugs or other forms of psychotherapy.
OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Supernumerary phantom limb (SPL) is extremely rare. Literature reports noted 17 cases that occurred after right cerebral hemispheric stroke and 2 cases that occurred after left cerebral hemispheric stroke, but without imaging diagnoses. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 45-year-old male patient complained of SPLs on the right side after recurrent left thalamic hemorrhage. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the lesion causing the left hemispheric stroke. INTERVENTION: The patient was treated conservatively. Computed tomographic scans demonstrated that the lesion had disappeared by 15 days after admission. The sensation of SPLs disappeared after 28 days. CONCLUSION: SPL may occur among patients with left hemispheric stroke, especially those with lesions in the thalamus, spastic paresis on the right side immediately after stroke, and psychiatric disorders such as alcohol and tobacco intoxication.