PubMed · 14782743
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E R MOVITT, B GERSTL, F SHERWOOD, C C EPSTEIN. 1951. Essential hyperlipemia.. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1951.03810010089007
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This article reports on the concept of a fibrinolytic surface based on the preferential adsorption of endogenous plasminogen from blood. Data are presented indicating that such a surface, when pretreated with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), is able to dissolve nascent thrombus generated in contact with flowing whole blood. Polyethylene (PE) surfaces were modified by attaching a lysine-containing polymer using photochemical methods as reported previously (McClung et al., J Biomed Mater Res 2000;49:409-414). The lysine residues were bound chemically to the polymer via the alpha-amino groups leaving the epsilon-amino groups free (epsilon-Lys surface). Control surfaces were (a) unmodified PE, (b) PE modified with the coating polymer containing no lysine, and (c) PE modified with the polymer containing lysine bound via the epsilon-amino group. The materials in tubing form were evaluated in contact with nonanticoagulated flowing human whole blood in a modified Chandler Loop experiment. They were first treated with tPA to allow activation of adsorbed plasminogen to plasmin. It was found that thrombus formation was initiated within 15-25 min (depending on donor blood) on all surfaces, as indicated by the formation of platelet aggregates. On the controls (including the lysine-containing material in which the epsilon-amino group was used in the binding reaction) thrombogenesis continued till the tubing was occluded and blood flow ceased. On the epsilon-Lys surface, thrombogenesis was interrupted at various stages depending on the donor blood; in all cases any thrombus generated was dissolved within minutes. It was shown that thrombolysis was due to the fibrinolytic action of plasmin generated at the surface and not to plasmin formed by traces of tPA released into the blood. This work provides further evidence of the efficacy of this approach to the development of a fibrinolytic surface.
OBJECTIVE: Joint bleeding, or hemarthrosis, leads in time to severe joint damage. This study was carried out to test the in vitro thresholds of exposure time and concentration that lead to irreversible joint damage, to add to the discussion on the usefulness of aspiration of the joint after a hemorrhage. METHODS: Explants of healthy human articular cartilage tissue were cultured in the presence or absence of 50% (volume/volume) blood for 1, 2, 3, or 4 days or in the presence of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 50% (v/v) blood for 4 days, followed by a 12-day period of recovery after withdrawal of blood. The effect of blood exposure on cartilage was determined by measuring the rate of proteoglycan synthesis as well as the release and content of cartilage matrix proteoglycans and the activity of matrix metalloproteinases. RESULTS: Exposure of cartilage to 50% (v/v) blood led to adverse changes that were largely independent of the exposure time. The adverse effects persisted after an initial exposure of up to or exceeding 2 days. Exposure of cartilage to increasing concentrations of blood for 4 days led to concentration-dependent adverse changes. These effects persisted when the concentration equaled or exceeded 10% (v/v) blood. Moreover, after 2 days of exposure to a blood load of 10% (v/v), the adverse effects on cartilage were not reversible. CONCLUSION: A 2-day exposure of cartilage in vitro to 10% (v/v) blood leads to prolonged impairment of joint cartilage. This suggests that aspiration of blood from the joint within 2 days after hemarthrosis should be considered to prevent blood-induced joint damage in the long term.
DNA material is now collected routinely from crime scenes for a wide range of offences and the timely processing of the DNA is seen as key to its success in investigating and detecting crime. An analysis of DNA material recovered from the volume crime offences of residential burglary, commercial burglary, and theft of motor vehicle in Northamptonshire, U.K., in 2004 has enabled the DNA to be categorized into seven sources. Further analysis using a logistical regression has revealed a number of predictors, other than timeliness, that greatly influence whether the DNA material recovered from a crime scene enables the crime to be detected. The results indicate that a number of these predictors are of statistical significance and may be just as relevant in determining whether DNA successfully detects the crime as the timeliness of the processing of the DNA material. The most significant predictor was found to be investigating officer accreditation with location, quantity, and type of DNA material at the crime scene also being relevant. Accreditation of the Crime Scene Examiner recovering the DNA material was found not to be significant. Consideration is given to where further emphasis is needed by the U.K. police service to maximize the opportunities to detect volume crime with DNA.