PubMed · 15393997
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C J LAMBERTSEN, J K CLARK. 1949. The pulmonary oxygen diffusion coefficient.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15393997/
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When nanoparticles are injected into the blood for drug delivery or drug detoxification, detrimental interaction of these particles with blood constituents must be avoided. In previous studies, the adsorption of albumin immunoglobulin G, and fibrinogen from blood plasma to a model hydrophobic polymer like polystyrene was investigated as was decreasing surface hydrophobicity, which quantitatively leads to decreasing amounts of adsorbed proteins on latex particles. However, the uptake of other blood constituents, such as inorganic blood electrolytes, by particles and the dispersion/coagulation characteristics of these particles in the blood stream have not been fully studied. Most importantly, the effect s of these particles on blood coagulation and hemolysis are not well known. In the present study, the poly(lactide-co-glycolide) acid(PLGA) nanoparticles were synthesized by using nanoprecipitation. The uptake of blood electrolytes from simulated blood fluid (SBF) and the stability (dispersion/aggregation) of nanoparticles in SBF was examined by using different loading amounts of PLGA and different contact time between PLGA nanoparticles and SBF. The interaction of particles with the organic components of blood was also studied by using the measurement of red blood cell hemolysis and blood clotting with raw PLGA, surfactant modified PLGA, and PEGylated PLGA.
To separate the cell population in whole blood using microcanal, the surface was covered with a polyion complex (PIC) composed of electrically charged phospholipid polymers. The phospholipids polymers were prepared by the polymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and n-butyl methacrylate with 3-(methacryloyloxypropyl)-trimethyl ammonium iodide as the cationic unit or potassium 3-methacryloyloxypropyl sulfonate as the anionic unit. The PIC was formed at the solid-liquid interface, that is, first, the cationic polymer was coated on the substrate and an aqueous solution containing the anionic polymer with different concentrations was applied to the polymer-coated substrate. The formation of the PIC was followed using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), and the PIC surfaces were analyzed by both zeta-potential measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement. The surface electrical potential on the PIC was controllable from +40 to -40 mV by increasing the amount of the adsorbed anionic polymer. The PIC surface was prepared in microcanal. The surface electrical potential was sequentially changed. When the whole blood was introduced into the microcanal, the cells adhered on the positively charged surface, but could not adhere to the negatively charged surface. Even when the cells adhere to the surface, the morphology of cells was maintained. This is due to MPC units at the surface, which show a good biocompatibility. These results indicated that the change in the surface electrical potential will be a useful method to separate the cells from whole blood.
Gradiflow is new technology allowing purification of important blood proteins from viral contaminated plasma. Protein purification is based on unique scalable tangential-flow preparative electrophoresis, and is distinct from current technology because protein purification and virus removal are performed in the same step. This one-step removal and purification exploits both the size and charge of target proteins. The medically important blood proteins, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and alpha-1-antitrypsin, were chosen to demonstrate the ability of this process to purify proteins from contaminated plasma. Clearance factors achieved by infectivity assays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that meet regulatory requirements demonstrated removal of canine parvovirus (CPV). CPV is a model virus for pathogenic nonenveloped viruses, including parvovirus B19, not adequately removed or inactivated by most processes currently in practice. The recovery of proteins from plasma with high purity, recovery, and function, while simultaneously removing viruses, provides blood products with a level of purity compatible with clinical use more quickly and cheaply than available techniques.