PubMed · 15423922
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W SZENAJCH. [Prematurity].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15423922/
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The development of the prostate is an emerging priority area for prostate biologists. Early changes in prostate development permanently alter prostate morphology and function and an understanding of the permanent nature of early events that may influence the onset of late-life disease is vital. Two of the inherent problems involve associating exposure in early life with outcome in late life or maturity and accounting for the influence of genetic, environmental, dietary or metabolic factors during the intervening period. Any one of these factors, alone or in combination, might lead to an explanation of the discrepancies found in the literature regarding the influence of early changes to the prostate in later life. Therefore, it is important to establish a causal link between the hormonal changes that occur during the fetal/neonatal period and that imprint the gland and the onset of late-life pathology. In order to achieve this goal, several technical challenges need to be overcome to permit the objective assessment of prostate branching morphogenesis. Stereological techniques now allow the quantification of several parameters of branching morphogenesis and the identification of specific early changes that are permanent and irreversible with a late-life outcome. This methodology provides the means to determine the action of a range of genes or hormone/growth factors that have been implicated in prostate development and disease.
The fetal diagnosis of GI tract abnormalities may be improved by the use of MRI that is able to visualize the normal bowel, may characterize the nature and location of gastrointestinal abnormalities, detect severe malformations, demonstrate the bowel close to cystic or tumoral intra abdominal structures. Our personal experience and recent data of the literature are reported.
BACKGROUND: The neurovascular stalk of the superficial sural flap, which is the most frequently used, is composed of the lesser saphenous vein, the sural nerve, and the median superficial sural artery. However, it has many variations. This is very important for its application in the reconstruction of soft-tissue defects. The aim of the authors' research was to detect the presence of the superficial sural blood vessels and to investigate their relationships with the sural nerve and the lesser saphenous vein. METHODS: The study group consisted of 42 fetal lower extremities. Fetuses were fixed in 10% formalin and their blood vessels were injected with Micropaque solution (barium sulfate). RESULTS: The median superficial sural artery was detected in 83.3 percent of the cases, whereas the sural nerve and lesser saphenous vein were detected in all cases. The median superficial sural artery was located lateral to the medial cutaneous sural nerve and sural nerve, whereas the lesser saphenous vein was located medially. CONCLUSIONS: All three superficial sural arteries (medial, median, and lateral) were detected in fetuses with different gestational ages. The median superficial sural artery was the most frequently detected one and had the constant relationship with the other elements of the neurovascular stalk of the superficial sural arteries.