PubMed · 15522390
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Punita Kumari Sodhi, Lalit Verma. 2004. Surgery for trichiasis.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2004.08.009
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasopharyngeal carriage is a major global health concern linked to severe infections and transmission. However, comprehensive evidence on the burden of MRSA carriage, antimicrobial resistance, and associated risk factors in Ethiopia remains limited. This study aimed to estimate pooled prevalence, resistance pattern, and determinants of nasopharyngeal MRSA carriage. PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and gray literature were searched for cross-sectional studies published between January 2015 and December 2025. Two groups of reviewers screened studies based on predefined criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Pooled prevalence and resistance proportions were estimated using a random-effects model, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using the Mantel-Haenszel method. Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed, and a sensitivity analysis was conducted. A total of 1040 records were identified, and 20 studies (6869 participants) were included. The pooled carriage prevalence was 7.3% (95% CI, 5.0-10.8), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 95.5%). Resistance was highest to tetracycline (55.75%) and lowest to clindamycin (12.66%). Increased odds of carriage were associated with prior hospitalization (OR, 3.49) and antibiotic use (OR, 2.35). Inconsistent variable coding across included studies limited the inclusion of other potential risk factors. Evidence of publication bias was detected, suggesting that the pooled prevalence should be interpreted with appropriate caution. The findings indicate a considerable burden of MRSA and highlight the need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, improved surveillance, and targeted prevention efforts in higher-risk populations. This review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251047192).
INTRODUCTION: The growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia and itsprogression towards XDR and PDR has become a critical public health concern. Therefore, thisreview determined the current state of emerging XDR and PDR bacteria, including pre-XDR and XDR-TB, their contributing factors, advancements, and future perspectives against drug-resistant bacteria, as well as their implications for public health and insights for future research. METHODOLOGY: This review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. A systematic search of all available literature was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Hinari, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and African Journals Online databases.This study included original articles published in English that reported XDR and PDR bacteria, Pre-XDR-TB, and XDR-TBb without limit on the study period and publication year. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings. RESULTS: Twenty-five studies published between 2010 and 2025 were included in this review. Among 5620 bacterial isolates identified,1289 were XDR (22.9%), with the prevalence ranging from 5.7% to 43.2%. A total of 440 bacterial isolates were PDR (9.1%), with its prevalence in individual studies ranged from 0.8% to 19.1%. The most common XDR bacteria identified were Klebsiella species; 26.7% (2.8%-84.6%), followed by E. coli; 26.4%(14.6%-35.7%), Acinetobacter species; 24.9%(10.1%-58.3%), and P. aeruginosa; 18.7% (2.8%-44.4%). The most frequently identified PDR bacteria were Acinetobacter species; 17.3% (7.9%-50.0%), followed by Klebsiella species; 13.7%(2.7%-25.8%), E. coli; 10.2%(2.4%-22.6%), and P. aeruginosa; 5.7%(4.3%-33.3%). Additionally, from 1419 MDR-TB and 160 TB confirmed cases, Pre-XDR-TB was 3.4% (2.4%-5.7%) and XDR-TB was 1.5%(0.6%-10.0%). These isolates were identified from different clinical specimens, which represents a significant concern in community and hospital settings. CONCLUSION: The emergence of XDR and PDR represents a major threat to Ethiopian public health, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, prolonged hospitalizations, high healthcare costs, and challenged treatment options. Urgent national surveillance and genomic detection of resistance mechanisms are needed to better track the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, promote antimicrobial stewardship, and enhance drug and vaccine trials.
The Akaki River, laden with untreated wastes from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, serves as a source of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of waste-water irrigation on the level of heavy metals and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Zn and V had the highest, whereas Hg the lowest, concentrations observed in the soils. The average contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and Hg of both soils; and Pb and Se from Fluvisol surpassed the mean + 2 SD of the corresponding levels reported for their uncontaminated counterparts. Apparently, irrigation with waste water for the last few decades has contributed to the observed higher concentrations of the above elements in the study soils (Vertisol and Fluvisol) when compared to uncontaminated Vertisol and Fluvisol. On the other hand, Vertisol accommodated comparatively higher average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc V, and Cd, whereas high contents of Pb and Se were observed in Fluvisol. Alternatively, comparable levels of Co and Hg were found in either soil. Except for Ni, Cr, and Cd in contaminated Vertisol, heavy metals in the soils were not significantly affected by the depth (0-20 and 30-50 cm). When the same element from the two soils was compared, the levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, V, Cd at 0-20 cm; and Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 30-50 cm were significantly different. Organic carbon (in both soils), CEC (Fluvisol), and clay (Vertisol) exhibited significant positive correspondences with the total heavy metal levels. Conversely, Se and Hg contents revealed perceptible associations with carbonate and pH. The exchangeable fraction was dominated by Hg and Cd, whereas the carbonate fraction was abounded with Cd, Pb, and Co. conversely, V and Pb displayed strong affinity to reducible fraction, where as Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni dominated the oxidizable fraction. Cr, Hg, Se, and Zn (in both soils) showed preference to the residual fraction. Generally, a considerable proportion of the total levels of many of the heavy metals resided in non residual fractions. The enhanced lability is generally expected to follow the order: Cd > Co > Pb > Cu > Ni > Se > V and Pb > Cd > Co > Cu > Ni > Zn in Vertisol and Fluvisol, respectively. For the similar wastewater application, the soil variables influence the status and the distribution of the associated heavy metals among the different soil fractions in the study soils. Among heavy metals that presented relatively elevated levels and with potential mobility, Co, Cu, Ni (either soil), V (Vertisol), Pb, and Zn (Fluvisol) could pose health threat through their introduction into the food chain in the wastewater irrigated soils.