PubMed · 15671243
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Victor Fulgoni. 2005. Closing the scientific knowledge gap: comments.. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn%2F135.2.357
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CONTEXT: Omega-3 fatty acids are purported to reduce the risk of cancer. Studies have reported mixed results. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize published and unpublished evidence to determine estimates of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cancer risk in prospective cohort studies. DATA SOURCES: Articles published from 1966 to October 2005 identified through MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CAB Health; unpublished literature sought through letters to experts in the neutraceutical industry. STUDY SELECTION: A total of 38 articles with a description of effects of consumption of omega-3 fatty acids on tumor incidence, prospective cohort study design, human study population; and description of effect of omega-3 among groups with different levels of exposure in the cohort were included. Two reviewers independently reviewed articles using structured abstraction forms; disagreements were resolved by consensus. DATA EXTRACTION: Two reviewers independently abstracted detailed data about the incidence of cancer, the type of cancer, the number and characteristics of the patients, details on the exposure to omega-3 fatty acids, and the elapsed time between the intervention and outcome measurements. Data about the methodological quality of the study were also abstracted. DATA SYNTHESIS: Across 20 cohorts from 7 countries for 11 different types of cancer and using up to 6 different ways to categorize omega-3 fatty acid consumption, 65 estimates of the association between omega-3 fatty acid consumption were reported. Among these, only 8 were statistically significant. The high degree of heterogeneity across these studies precluded pooling of data. For breast cancer 1 significant estimate was for increased risk (incidence risk ratio [IRR], 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.98) and 3 were for decreased risk (RR, 0.68-0.72); 7 other estimates did not show a significant association. For colorectal cancer, there was 1 estimate of decreased risk (RR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27-0.89) and 17 estimates without association. For lung cancer one of the significant associations was for increased cancer risk (IRR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.2-7.3), the other was for decreased risk (RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13-0.76), and 4 other estimates were not significant. For prostate cancer, there was 1 estimate of decreased risk (RR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.83) and 1 of increased risk (RR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.34-2.93) for advanced prostate cancer; 15 other estimates did not show a significant association. The study that assessed skin cancer found an increased risk (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27). No significant associations between omega-3 fatty acid consumption and cancer incidence were found for aerodigestive cancer, bladder cancer, lymphoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, or stomach cancer. CONCLUSIONS: A large body of literature spanning numerous cohorts from many countries and with different demographic characteristics does not provide evidence to suggest a significant association between omega-3 fatty acids and cancer incidence. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids is unlikely to prevent cancer.
We hypothesize that using a multi-variant nutrigenomic index for the purposes of customizing or adjusting the formulation of nutritional supplements will result in an improved and novel approach to the diagnosis, stratification, prognosis, and treatment of inflammatory processes in the human. This multi-variant genetic index, or Genoscore, is derived by analyzing genotype and/or phenotype through measuring multiple genetic mutations of single nucleotide polymorphisms, gene expression, or other forms of genetic and phenotypic measurements. We also propose that manipulation of neurochemical reward circuitry in the mesolimbic brain region providing dopamine release at the nucleus accumbens (NAc), will have both pain and stress relief benefists, which are a cornerstone to the human inflammatory process. This hypothesis, applies to all genes currently discovered or which will be discovered and any nutritional or dietary supplement ingredient currently available or which will become available. For example, if a DNA test was measuring two genes through single nucleotide polymorphisms (Gene A and Gene B), the index scores (Genoscore) that would be reported to the clinician and patient would be based upon the number of mutations. An index score of 0 would mean no mutation. An index score of 1 may mean a mutation in Gene A. An Index Score of 2 may mean a mutation in Gene B. An Index Score of 3 may mean a mutation in Gene A and Gene B, resulting in a simple report, easily understandable to both the clinician and patient that provides insights into disease diagnosis, stratification, prognosis, as well as the metabolism, efficacy and/or toxicity associated with specific vitamins, minerals, herbal supplements, homeopathic ingredients and other ingredients in the nutritional and/or dietary supplement regimen. Furthermore, we have provided support that evidence shows the importance of the dopaminergic connection as an anti-pain and anti-stress molecule, working at the mesocorticolimbic region of the brain, specifically at the NAc. Additionally, we have provided support that clinical evidence demonstrates the effectiveness and safety of natural substances for joint health, such as glucosamine sulfate , chondroitin sulfate, and Ganoderma lucidum.
Determination of the iron state in commercially manufactured iron containing vitamins and dietary supplements is important for evaluation of pharmaceuticals quality. Mössbauer (nuclear gamma-resonance) spectroscopy was used for analyzing the iron state in commercial pharmaceutical products containing ferrous fumarate (FeC(4)H(2)O(4)), ferrous sulfate (FeSO(4)), ferrous bisglycinate chelate (Ferrochel) and ferrous iron (hydrolyzed protein chelate). Mössbauer parameters and the iron states were determined for iron compounds in the studied pharmaceuticals. Various ferric and ferrous impurities were found in all of the commercial products. The quantities of ferric impurities exceeded the FDA limitation of 2% in products containing ferrous fumarate. The quantities of ferric impurities exceeded 58% and 30% in products containing ferrous bisglycinate chelate and ferrous iron (hydrolyzed protein chelate), respectively. The presence of ferrous and ferric impurities was not related to the ageing of the vitamins and dietary supplements. Two pharmaceutical products contained major iron compounds, the Mössbauer parameters of which did not correspond to the ferrous fumarate or ferrous bisglycinate chelate claimed by the manufacturer.