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PubMed · 15718449

Gender differences and performance in science.

Carol B Muller·Sally M Ride·Janie Fouke·Telle Whitney·Denice D Denton·Nancy Cantor·Donna J Nelson·Jim Plummer·Ilene Busch-Vishniac·Carolyn Meyers·Sue V Rosser·Londa Schiebinger·Eric Roberts·David Burgess·Craig Beeson·Susan Staffin Metz·Lucinda Sanders·Bevlee A Watford·Elizabeth S Ivey·Mary Frank Fox·Sheldon Wettack·Maria Klawe·William A Wulf·Joan Girgus·Phoebe S Leboy·Eleanor L Babco·Betty Shanahan·Catherine Didion·Daryl E Chubin·Monique Frize·Susan L Ganter·E Ann Nalley·Judy Franz·Héctor D Abruña·Myra H Strober·Jane Zimmer Daniels·Emily A Carter·Jean H Rhodes·Iris Schrijver·Virginia A Zakian·Barbara Simons·Ursula Martin·Jo Boaler·Katherine Rose Jolluck·Purnima Mankekar·Robert M Gray·Margaret W Conkey·Peter Stansky·Aihua Xie·Pino Martin·Linda P B Katehi·Jo Anne Miller·Amelia Tess Thornton·Andrea Lapaugh·Deborah L Rhode·Barbara C Gelpi·Mary Jean Harrold·Cherrill M Spencer·Carla Schlatter Ellis·Susan Lord·Helen Quinn·Margaret Murnane·Patricia P Jones·Frances Hellman·Gail Wight·Ruth O'hara·Mary Pickering·Sheri Sheppard·David Leith·Adina Paytan·Matthew H Sommer·Audrey Shafer·David Grusky·Sherry Yennello·Ashima Madan·Denise L Johnson·Sylvia Yanagisako·Jennifer M Chou-Green·Sandra Robinson
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Carol B Muller, Sally M Ride, Janie Fouke, Telle Whitney, Denice D Denton, Nancy Cantor, Donna J Nelson, Jim Plummer, Ilene Busch-Vishniac, Carolyn Meyers, Sue V Rosser, Londa Schiebinger, Eric Roberts, David Burgess, Craig Beeson, Susan Staffin Metz, Lucinda Sanders, Bevlee A Watford, Elizabeth S Ivey, Mary Frank Fox, Sheldon Wettack, Maria Klawe, William A Wulf, Joan Girgus, Phoebe S Leboy, Eleanor L Babco, Betty Shanahan, Catherine Didion, Daryl E Chubin, Monique Frize, Susan L Ganter, E Ann Nalley, Judy Franz, Héctor D Abruña, Myra H Strober, Jane Zimmer Daniels, Emily A Carter, Jean H Rhodes, Iris Schrijver, Virginia A Zakian, Barbara Simons, Ursula Martin, Jo Boaler, Katherine Rose Jolluck, Purnima Mankekar, Robert M Gray, Margaret W Conkey, Peter Stansky, Aihua Xie, Pino Martin, Linda P B Katehi, Jo Anne Miller, Amelia Tess Thornton, Andrea Lapaugh, Deborah L Rhode, Barbara C Gelpi, Mary Jean Harrold, Cherrill M Spencer, Carla Schlatter Ellis, Susan Lord, Helen Quinn, Margaret Murnane, Patricia P Jones, Frances Hellman, Gail Wight, Ruth O'hara, Mary Pickering, Sheri Sheppard, David Leith, Adina Paytan, Matthew H Sommer, Audrey Shafer, David Grusky, Sherry Yennello, Ashima Madan, Denise L Johnson, Sylvia Yanagisako, Jennifer M Chou-Green, Sandra Robinson. 2005-02-18. Gender differences and performance in science.. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5712.1043b

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PubMed2006

Ophthalmology resident surgical competency: a national survey.

PURPOSE: To describe the prevalence, management, and career outcomes of ophthalmology residents who struggle with surgical competency and to explore related educational issues. DESIGN: Fourteen-question written survey. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-eight program directors at Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education-accredited, United States ophthalmology residency programs, representing a total of 2179 resident graduates, between 1991 and 2000. METHODS: Study participants completed a mailed, anonymous survey whose format combined multiple choice and free comment questions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of surgically challenged residents, types of problems identified, types of remediation, final departmental decision at the end of residency, known career outcomes, and residency program use of microsurgical skills laboratories and applicant screening tests. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-nine residents (9% overall; 10% mean per program) were labeled as having trouble mastering surgical skills. All of the programs except 2 had encountered such residents. The most frequently cited problems were poor hand-eye coordination (24%) and poor intraoperative judgment (22%). Most programs were supportive and used educational rather than punitive measures, the most common being extra practice-laboratory time (32%), scheduling cases with the best teaching surgeon (23%), and counseling (21%). Nearly one third (31%) of residents were believed to have overcome their difficulties before graduation. Other residents were encouraged to pursue medical ophthalmology (22%) or to obtain further surgical training through a fellowship (21%) or a supervised practice setting (12%); these residents were granted a departmental statement of satisfactory completion of residency for Board eligibility. Twelve percent were asked to leave residency. Of reported career outcomes, 92% of residents were practicing ophthalmology, 65% as surgical and 27% as medical ophthalmologists. Ninety-eight percent of residency programs had microsurgical practice facilities, 64% had a formal teaching course, and 36% had mandatory practice time. Most programs (76%) did not perform applicant vision or dexterity screening tests; questions existed about the legality and validity of such tests. CONCLUSIONS: The issue of ophthalmology residents who struggle to develop surgical competency appears common. Although many problems appear to be remediable with time, practice, and dedicated, patient teachers, more specific guidelines for a statement of surgical competency are likely necessary to standardize the Board certification process.

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