PubMed Health⌕ Search

PubMed · 16166259

Nitrogenase reactivity with P-cluster variants.

Abstract

Nitrogenase is a multicomponent metalloenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen to ammonia. For decades, it has been generally believed that the [8Fe-7S] P-cluster of nitrogenase component 1 is indispensable for nitrogenase activity. In this study, we identified two catalytically active P-cluster variants by activity assays, metal analysis, and EPR spectroscopic studies. Further, we showed that both P-cluster variants resemble [4Fe-4S]-like centers based on x-ray absorption spectroscopic experiments. We believe that our findings challenge the dogma that the standard P-cluster is the only cluster species capable of supporting substrate reduction at the FeMo cofactor and provide important insights into the general mechanism of nitrogenase catalysis and assembly.

Explore related subjects

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Yilin Hu, Mary C Corbett, Aaron W Fay, Jerome A Webber, Britt Hedman, Keith O Hodgson, Markus W Ribbe. 2005-09-15. Nitrogenase reactivity with P-cluster variants.. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506967102

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related citations

Azotobacter vinelandii gene fitness following carbon shift from sucrose to acetate, succinate and glycerol.

Nitrogen-fixing microbes are a primary contributor of this important nutrient to the global nitrogen cycle. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) through the enzyme nitrogenase requires extensive energy that in whole cells is generally studied during the oxidation of carbohydrates such as sugars. The nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii is a model diazotroph for the study of aerobic BNF. Much is known about metabolism in A. vinelandii when cultured on a simple medium where energy is provided primarily in the form of sucrose or glucose. Outside of the laboratory, this soil bacterium grows on metabolites primarily derived from plant root exudates or from the degradation of dead plant matter. In this work, we expand on previous studies looking at genes that are essential to BNF in A. vinelandii when grown on sucrose medium using transposon sequencing (Tn-seq). We applied Tn-seq to determine the genes essential to growth when the medium was shifted to acetate, succinate or glycerol as the primary carbon and energy source to fuel both growth and BNF. A global overview of the genes of central metabolism and those directing substrates toward central metabolism, along with a selection of unexpected genes that were essential for specific growth substrates, is provided.

Azotobacter vinelandii↗

Azotobacter vinelandii AmrZ is a global regulator linking alginate production and c-di-GMP homeostasis.

Azotobacter vinelandii, a member of the Pseudomonadaceae, produces the exopolysaccharide alginate during vegetative growth; however, the circuitry linking alginate biosynthesis to lifestyle transitions remains poorly defined. Here, we show that the Ribbon-Helix-Helix transcription factor AmrZ coordinates alginate production, intracellular c-di-GMP levels and motility. Deletion of amrZ abolished alginate synthesis, whereas chromosomal complementation restored it. A PalgD-gusA fusion and RT-qPCR demonstrated that algD, the first gene in the alginate biosynthetic cluster, depends on AmrZ for expression. Motif analysis identified multiple AmrZ sites upstream of algD, and electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (EMSAs) confirmed specific binding to these regions. AmrZ also positively autoregulates: PamrZ-gusA activity decreased in ΔamrZ, and purified AmrZ bound the amrZ promoter in EMSA. Moreover, PamrZ activity required the sigma factor AlgU, consistent with the presence of an AlgU promoter; this positive, AlgU-dependent feedback may stabilize AmrZ under alginate-inducing conditions. To probe AmrZ control of c-di-GMP, we implemented a riboswitch-based biosensor in A. vinelandii. The ΔamrZ strain showed a markedly reduced signal, similar to a diguanylate cyclase (DGC) mutant, whereas a phosphodiesterase mutant displayed elevated output, validating the assay. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR identified two DGC genes, AVAEIV_RS11610 and AVAEIV_RS18795, as AmrZ-activated targets; EMSA verified direct binding at the RS11610 regulatory region. By contrast, transcription of the principal vegetative DGC AvGReg was not AmrZ-regulated. Lower c-di-GMP in ΔamrZ correlated with larger swimming halos. Collectively, these genetic, biochemical and transcriptomic data support a model in which AmrZ directly activates algD and elevates c-di-GMP via selected DGCs, thereby promoting alginate synthesis while reducing motility. RNA-seq data also indicate that AmrZ influences broader cellular programmes, including metabolism and iron homeostasis, positioning AmrZ as a central regulator that links c-di-GMP homeostasis to coordinated exopolysaccharide production in A. vinelandii. This work contributes to our understanding of the regulatory networks controlled by AmrZ outside the Pseudomonas genus and reveals important differences in its targets and regulatory mechanisms.

Azotobacter vinelandii↗

Molecular insights into nitrogenase FeMo cofactor insertion: the role of His 362 of the MoFe protein alpha subunit in FeMo cofactor incorporation.

The assembly of the complex iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMoco) of nitrogenase molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein has served as one of the central topics in the field of bioinorganic chemistry for decades. Here we examine the role of a MoFe protein residue (His alpha362) in FeMoco insertion, the final step of FeMoco biosynthesis where FeMoco is incorporated into its binding site in the MoFe protein. Our data from combined metal, activity and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses show that mutations of His alpha362 to small uncharged Ala or negatively charged Asp result in significantly reduced FeMoco accumulation in MoFe protein, indicating that His alpha362 plays a key role in the process of FeMoco insertion. Given the strategic location of His alpha362 at the entry point of the FeMoco insertion funnel, this residue may serve as one of the initial docking points for FeMoco insertion through transient ligand coordination and/or electrostatic interaction.

Azotobacter vinelandii↗