PubMed · 16775256
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A Uchino. Cervical arterial collateral network.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16775256/
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We report a case of variant origin of superior thyroid artery (STA), occipital artery (OA) and ascending pharyngeal artery (APA) from the cervical segment of internal carotid artery (ICA) in a 63-year-old male patient, who presented with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Four-vessel angiography showed asymptomatic occlusion of ICA giving origin to the anomalous branches. There was common origin of the STA and the OA. The APA originated from the OA. We did not find any other description in the literature on variant origin of STA from the cervical segment of ICA in the presence of a well-developed external carotid artery.
The anatomy of the orbital vascular bed is highly complex, with tremendous interindividual variations. The main source of blood supply to the orbit is by the ophthalmic artery, the first branch of the internal carotid artery. The origin, course, and branches of the ophthalmic artery, and the genesis of the variations in origin, course, and branching pattern of the ophthalmic artery are discussed. The external carotid artery normally contributes only to a small extent to the orbital blood supply via the infraorbital artery and orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery.The complex, highly variable and confusing orbital venous system can be divided into: (i) main orbital veins (superior and inferior ophthalmic veins), (ii) inconstant orbital veins (middle and medial ophthalmic veins and four collateral veins), (iii) orbital venous networks, and (iv) various venous tributaries. All these are described briefly.
The technical skill set of peripheral interventional radiologists is well-suited to the performance of most transcatheter embolization procedures in the external carotid artery (ECA). These procedures center in large part on hypervascular tumors, epistaxis, and trauma. ECA embolization in the trauma patient is well-defined, albeit in small patient series. The transcatheter treatment of epistaxis is still mostly reserved for cases that are intractable to conservative therapy. Preoperative embolotherapy for vascular tumors remains popular, although it is somewhat controversial in terms of its risk-benefit ratio. The purpose of this review is to highlight pertinent anatomy, selected technical procedural aspects, and the available literature to better characterize the role of ECA embolization in the hands of the practicing peripheral interventionist.