PubMed · 16989199
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A N Razumov, I I Gusarov, A V Dubovski, B N Semenov, A Iu Belenichev, V I Filatov. [Tablet radon preparations].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16989199/
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The radon activity concentration in ground water from drilled and dug wells on the horst Söderåsen in Southern Sweden has been determined with two different methods, gamma activity measurements with a germanium HPGe detector and alpha activity measurements with plastic track detectors. The results are consistent. High activity concentration is connected to granite bedrock. Dug wells have low concentrations and no trivial correlation between concentration and depth of the well is found. Large local variations exist. Activity concentrations > 700 Bq/l appear to be associated with leakage from layers of volcanic origin. The concentration from drilled wells is found to be quite constant over a 3 year period but short time variations appear to be significant. Evaporation from the open surface of a normal cooking vessel is slow with an activity gradient delta A/A of about 0.1-0.2 per hour at room temperature whereas even modest heating of water in e.g. a coffee machine is very efficient and reduces the radon activity concentration by > 90% in one process.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's revised proposed 222Rn in drinking water regulation gives states or individual community water systems the option of compliance with the maximum contaminant level or compliance with the higher, alternate maximum contaminant level accompanied by the implementation of a multimedia mitigation plan. If states or water suppliers choose to comply with the alternate maximum contaminant level, the health risk reduction achieved by multimedia mitigation programs must be equal to or greater than the health risk reduction that would be achieved by compliance with the maximum contaminant level rather than the alternate maximum contaminant level. We have developed a method to determine quantitative goals for mitigating existing homes and building new 222Rn-resistant homes to achieve a health risk reduction to the public equivalent to the health risk differential between alternate maximum contaminant level and maximum contaminant level compliance. This method can be applied to an entire state, a portion of a state, or to an individual water supplier. The method was applied to North Carolina, and it was concluded that, over time, the health risk reduction achievable from alternate maximum contaminant level compliance and the implementation of a multimedia mitigation program would be much greater than from compliance with the maximum contaminant level.
A Tedlar gas sampling bag was used to retain samples of the test environment of interest. Samples, typically hourly, were transferred into a gas sampling bag. The volume of each sample was determined by a programmable timer or any computer capable of executing a compiled basic program. The program automatically adjusted the sample volume of each increment to exactly compensate for radioactive decay of radon referred to the end of the exposure period. At that time the radon activity collected in the sampling bag was the exact average for the whole period. A single Lucas cell was used to report the average concentration for typically 2 and 3 day exposures. The results compared with calculated predictions and with the average of a series of grab samples taken during the measurement period. The benefit of this method was the large work load reduction needed to determine the average concentration from a series of grab samples and the ability to employ Lucas cells, which are inherently more stable and less expensive than active measurement equipment normally used for chamber standardizations.