PubMed · 3162487
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C Solomon. 1988. Lamenting licorice.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3162487/
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Fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and molecular modeling methods were employed to analyze the binding of glycyrrhetinic acid (GEA) to human serum albumin (HSA) under physiological conditions with GEA concentrations from 4.0x10(-6) to 4.5x10(-5) mol L(-1). The binding of GEA to HSA was via two types of sites: the numbers of binding site for the first type was near 0.45 and for the second type it was approximately 0.75. The binding constants of the second type binding site were lower than those of the first type binding site at corresponding temperatures, the results suggesting that the first type of binding site had high affinity and the second binding site involved other sites with lower binding affinity and selectivity. The fluorescence titration results indicated that GEA quenched the fluorescence intensity of HSA through static mechanism. The FTIR spectra evidence showed that the protein secondary structure changed with reduction of alpha-helices about 26.2% at the drug to protein molar ratio of 3. Thermodynamic analysis showed that hydrogen bonds were the mainly binding force in the first type of binding site, and hydrophobic interactions might play a main role in the second type of binding site. Furthermore, the study of computational modeling indicated that GEA could bind to the site I of HSA and hydrophobic interaction was the major acting force for the second type of binding site, which was in agreement with the thermodynamic analysis.
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A case of pseudo-hyperaldosteronism secondary to prolonged daily ingestion of liquorice is reported. Extreme severity of hypokalemia and of the ensuing neuro-muscular impairment characterized this case. The pathogenetic features leading to the glycyrrhizic acid dependent sodium retention are thoroughly discussed, on the basis of the latest literature. The authors stress the fact that public opinion is to a large extent unaware of risks due to prolonged ingestion of liquorice derivatives.