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Comparison of correlation and modulus difference processing algorithms for the determination of foetal heart rate from ultrasonic Doppler signals.

G K Manning·J H Dripps
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G K Manning, J H Dripps. 1986. Comparison of correlation and modulus difference processing algorithms for the determination of foetal heart rate from ultrasonic Doppler signals.. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02443924

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Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in cardiac structures of fetus with hydrops as compared to nonhydropic controls.

OBJECTIVE: The hypothesis that severe fetal hydrops is caused by an excess of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), mainly produced in the fetal heart, is tested. METHODS: Immunohistochemical VEGF-stained postmortem biopsies from the right ventricle and right atrium of 8 hydropic fetuses were compared to those of 8 nonhydropic fetuses. The endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, endothelium, and vascular smooth muscle cells were scored on intensity of VEGF-staining. The Mann-Witney test was used to test for significancy (p < 0.05) of the differences in staining. Increased vascularization as a result of VEGF was measured in both groups by standard randomization count. RESULTS: The endocardium, epicardium and endothelium of the coronary vessels showed significantly (p < 0.05) more intense VEGF-staining in the hydrops group than in the control group. The atria showed more intense staining than the ventricles in both groups. The hydropic fetuses showed a significantly increased number of coronary vessels in the myocardium. These vessels contained more blood cells than the coronary vessels in nonhydropic fetuses. CONCLUSION: The fetal heart appears to be a major source of excess VEGF in fetal hydrops.

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