PubMed · 4494754
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G Myers. 1974. Defective curtaining.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4494754/
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Kindergarten environments combine high microbial exposure with increased immunological vulnerability, yet antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in kindergarten dust remain poorly characterized. This systematic review synthesized evidence on the occurrence and potential health relevance of ARGs in kindergarten dust. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Four studies from China, Hong Kong, and Norway (2018-2024) met the inclusion criteria. ARGs were detected in all kindergarten dust samples, indicating that dust is a consistent reservoir of antibiotic resistance determinants. A consensus resistome (classes detected in ≥2 studies) encompassed sulfonamide, macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB), tetracycline, beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, and multidrug resistance genes; beta-lactam resistance genes were the only class reported in all four studies. Clinically important ARGs associated with last-resort antibiotics, including mecA, vanA, blaNDM, and mcr-5, were reported in three studies. Class 1 integron-integrase genes (intI1) frequently co-occurred with ARGs, suggesting potential horizontal gene transfer. Limited evidence indicated higher ARG abundance in urban and winter samples. One study reported antibiotic-resistant bacteria carrying resistance markers concordant with those in kindergarten dust in the urine of children attending the same facilities; however, this cross-sectional, single-site evidence is consistent with, but not sufficient to establish, a dust-to-child exposure pathway. The available evidence supports the plausibility that kindergarten dust may contribute to children's exposure to ARGs and ARG-carrying bacteria, but current studies do not establish causal transmission from dust to child colonization or infection. Standardized monitoring and longitudinal studies are needed to assess health risks and guide mitigation strategies in early childhood educational settings.
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Slate pencils are manufactured from natural rock known as Binota Shale in small factories. Since the dust generated by stone-cutting and groove-making machines during the process contains a very high percentage of free silica and the particles are of sizes ranging up to a few microns in diameter the exposure both to respirable and to total inhalable airborne dust was assessed. Dust sizing revealed that all of the dust was respirable (less than 2.5 microns). Measurement of the intake velocity of the exhaust system in many cases showed it to be less than 10 m s-1. Suggestions are made for improvement in the working conditions.