PubMed · 4513173
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H L Friedman, C V Krishnan, C Jolicoeur. 1973-03-30. Ionic interactions in water.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1973.tb30772.x
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A method for the determination of the (6R)- and (6S)-stereoisomers of leucovorin using electrokinetic chromatography (EKC) in the affinity mode has been developed. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is used as a run buffer additive to incorporate enantiomeric selectivity into the system. Protein-wall interactions are minimized by using a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) coated capillary. Chiral resolution is obtained in 12.5 min with efficiencies greater than 200,000 theoretical plates using BSA as an additive, while no resolution is obtained in the absence of BSA. A general equation is derived to calculate the free energy of interaction between the leucovorin isomers and the BSA molecule. This method represents a new means of obtaining thermodynamic data for substrate binding interactions and for the general study of drug cross-reactions and interactions of drugs with serum and other proteins.
Specimens of neoplastic and non-neoplastic human urothelium were rapidly frozen against a copper block immersed in liquid nitrogen, planed in a cryoultramicrotome and then examined by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) following coating by aluminium. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) was performed on the superficial urothelial cells and on gelatin blocks mounted in parallel which had known concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus. The neoplastic urothelial cells had significantly less phosphorus (P less than 0.05) than non-neoplastic cells and the ratios K+/P,K+/Na+, and K+/Cl- were significantly higher in neoplastic cells than in non-neoplastic cells (P less than 0.00001). These results are consistent with those expected in cells with a sustained increase in intracellular pH caused by stimulation of Na+/H+ ion membrane exchange.
In this work we briefly describe the concept of activity of a solution. We treat the case of electrolyte solutions and the existing experimental difficulties to determine single ion activities. Then, we review the theoretical methods available to compute ionic activities. The mean spherical approximation (MSA) provides a simple and reliable method for computation of single ion activities. We present the case of an arbitrary mixture of ions. Particular attention is given to biological-like solutions, including magnesium and calcium ions.