PubMed · 5276688
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M A Galin, I Baras, M Best, B Friedman. 1970. Ophthalmodynamometry.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5276688/
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Progress in therapeutic decision-making for patients with carotid artery disease has come from evaluations made by several major randomized clinical trials. For patients who are symptomatic and have arteriographically proven stenoses of 70% or more, endarterectomy is clearly established as the treatment of choice. Symptomatic patients with stenoses of less than 70% remain the subject of ongoing study. Asymptomatic patients are at low risk of stroke save for those with the highest (80% to 90%) degrees of stenosis, and even for these subjects the annual stroke rate is close to the operative risk. Four trials have been reported but the practicing physician is still without clear guidelines. The appropriateness of endarterectomy remains unsettled for any group of patients with narrowing of the carotid artery in the absence of symptoms. The decision to apply endarterectomy to symptomatic and to asymptomatic patients must attend to not only the prognostic importance of the degree of stenosis, but also to the vascular risk profile of the individual patient.
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In only a few years magnetic resonance angiography has evolved to a clinically useful tool. In many situations it can resolve questions which used to be addressed by conventional contrast angiography, such as carotid stenoses, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and venous and sinus disorders. In addition, selective magnetic resonance angiography provides information on direction and origin of flow and circulation in vessels serving as collaterals.