PubMed · 5648169
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J L Locke. 1968. Questionable assumptions underlying articulation research.. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.3302.112
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The perceived distance of a sound source in a room has been shown to depend on the ratio of the energies of direct and reflected sound. Although this relationship was verified in later studies, the research has never led to a quantitative model. The advent of techniques for the generation of virtual sound sources has made it possible to study distance perception using controlled, deterministic stimuli. Here we present two experiments that make use of such stimuli and we show that a simple model, based on a modified direct-to-reverberant energy ratio, can accurately predict the results and also provide an explanation for the 'auditory horizon' in distance perception. The modification of the ratio consists of the use of an integration time of 6 milliseconds in the calculation of the energy of the direct sound. This time constant seems to be important in spatial hearing-the precedence effect is also based on a similar integration window.
Research to date into the development of the ability to discriminate between memories of things imagined and things directly experienced (reality monitoring) has not focused on the modality in which the tasks are presented. The present study sought to determine whether similar patterns of developmental progression in reality monitoring were present in visual and auditory modalities. Further, it sought to investigate the role of cross-modal imagery in reality-monitoring tasks. In Experiment 1, 6-year-old children performed less well than 9- to 10-year-old children in an auditory reality-monitoring task but not in a comparable visual task. Experiment 2 examined possible explanations for this finding. Six- and 10-year-old children were administered tasks similar to those in Experiment 1, but, within each modality, children were allocated either to a condition in which presented items were likely to elicit cross-modal imagery or to one in which cross-modal imagery was unlikely. Discrimination scores revealed evidence of developmental progression in both auditory and visual source-monitoring tasks, but no effect of cross-modal imagery.
It is well established that warning implementation should aim to achieve urgency mapping between the perceived urgency of the warning itself and the situational urgency of the condition that it indicates. This paper describes how Stevens Power Law [Psychological Review, 64, 153 181, 1957], which quantifies the relationship between objective parameters (such as the pitch of a warning) and subjective parameters (such as perceived urgency), can be applied to the design of auditory warnings to facilitate such urgency mapping. Studies that have quantified and predicted the effects of different warning parameters on perceived urgency using an application of Stevens Power Law are reported.