PubMed · 58754
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A K Chaudhuri. 1976. Viral hepatitis.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/58754/
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Plants and animals detect biomolecules termed microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and induce immunity. Agricultural production is severely impacted by pathogens which can be controlled by transferring immune receptors. However, most studies use a single MAMP epitope and the impact of diverse multicopy MAMPs on immune induction is unknown. Here, we characterized the epitope landscape from five proteinaceous MAMPs across 4,228 plant-associated bacterial genomes. Despite the diversity sampled, natural variation was constrained and experimentally testable. Immune perception in both Arabidopsis and tomato depended on both epitope sequence and copy number variation. For example, Elongation Factor Tu is predominantly single copy, and 92% of its epitopes are immunogenic. Conversely, 99.9% of bacterial genomes contain multiple cold shock proteins, and 46% carry a nonimmunogenic form. We uncovered a mechanism for immune evasion, intrabacterial antagonism, where a nonimmunogenic cold shock protein blocks perception of immunogenic forms encoded in the same genome. These data will lay the foundation for immune receptor deployment and engineering based on natural variation.
Factor VIII is a complex molecule comprising a series of homologous oligomers with biological activity related to primary haemostasis (factor VIII related antigen/Willebrand factor; FVIIIRAg/WF). The structure or distribution of these oligomers is abnormal in von Willebrand's disease (vWd). The oligomers are associated with, or contain, a lower molecular weight entity with procoagulant activity (factor VIIIC) which has distinct antigenic determinants and is reduced or abnormal in haemophilia. Recessive and dominant forms of vWd have been recognised but two families are described each with features of both dominant and recessive inheritance; this is of importance in genetic counselling. Results of a new immunoradiometric assay for factor VIIIC antigen showed reduced levels in vWd and haemophilia and it was absent in 3 of 6 samples from fetuses of obligate carriers of haemophilia. The potential use of this assay for the prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia is described.
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