PubMed · 6110752
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D Sixsmith. 1980. Punch tip geometry effects on powder compression.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb13091.x
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Differences in the dynamics of powder densification between eccentric and rotary machine were pointed out by compressing at different compression pressures microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and recovering the corresponding stress/strain data in both machines equipped to monitor punches displacement and compression forces. Heckel plots were then obtained from these stress/strain data. Curves obtained in the rotary machine possess a narrower zone of linearity for the calculation of P(Y) and D(A). The effect of the different compression mechanism of the rotary machine on the shape of the Heckel plot is more noticeable in a non-deforming material such as dicalcium phosphate. The effect of the longer dwell time of the rotary machine on the porosity reduction occurring after the maximum pressure has been reached, is more noticeable in a ductile material such as microcrystalline cellulose. Heckel parameters obtained in the rotary press are in some cases different from those recovered in the eccentric machine because of the longer dwell time, machine deflection and punch tilting occurring in the rotary machine, although theoretically they could better describe the material densification in a high speed production rotary machine.
A systematic examination is presented of the effects of process variables on the powder yield of amorphous trehalose obtained from the Buchi Model 191 laboratory-scale mini spray dryer. By using a specially made, narrow cyclone the powder yield could be greatly improved at all process temperatures examined. Calculations of the separation efficiencies of the improved cyclone and the manufacturer's standard cyclone are given, which show that the former's higher tangential particle velocity at the radius of the exit duct is responsible for the improved performance. The powder yield increases with higher process temperatures, owing to improved droplet drying and reduced droplet/particle deposition on the walls of the drying chamber. A maximum in the powder yield is reached, however, after which it decreases sharply. This is caused by heating of the cyclone wall to >10 degrees C above the so-called 'sticky point' of the trehalose, causing increased particle deposits on the walls of the tower and cyclone. Increasing liquid feed flow rate or decreasing atomizing air flow rate too extensively were both detrimental to powder yield. The drying air flow rate should be as high as possible to ensure sufficient enthalpy throughput to dry the trehalose adequately to give a high powder yield. The enthalpy balance calculation for drying trehalose with the new cyclone was used successfully to interpret the results obtained. Some recommendations for optimizing powder yield of an amorphous material are given.
A novel multi-functional vertical high shear kneader has been developed and its performance in wet kneading has previously been reported [Watano et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 50(3), 341-345 (2002)]. In this study, scale-up of wet kneading in the novel vertical high shear kneader was conducted. Pharmaceutical excipients composed of lactose, cornstarch and micro-crystalline cellulose were used as powder samples. Kneading operations were conducted under various operating conditions and three different vessel scales. The dried pellets were then prepared by extruding the wet kneaded masses through a dome-type extruder and their drying by a fluidized bed. The physical properties such as strength and disintegration time of the dried pellets were evaluated. It was found that the properties of the dried pellets and their scale-up characteristics were well expressed by an agitation power per unit vessel volume and dimensionless Froude number.