PubMed · 6183766
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E Chihara. Optic nerve damage in glaucoma.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6257(82)90204-1
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PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND: Several articles on surgery for macular pucker have noted the presence of intraretinal white spots, presumably cotton-wool spots, associated with epiretinal membranes. It was proposed that membrane contraction and resultant nerve fiber layer distortion might lead to blockage of axoplasmic flow and thus a cotton-wool spot. To see whether the observations supported this concept, the authors studied patients with epiretinal membranes associated with intraretinal white spots involving the center of the fovea, where there are normally no retinal vessels and the only axons are in Henle fiber layer. METHODS: Four patients with epiretinal membranes associated with prominent areas of intraretinal whitening involving the center of the fovea were examined before and after surgery. Observations and measurements were made from projected fundus photographs. RESULTS: The intraretinal white spots, which appeared preoperatively to lie in the center of the fovea, proved to have been pulled in from more peripheral retina by the epiretinal membrane. These white areas were associated with surprisingly great distortion of the inner retina. Stretching of the inner retina seemed to play a larger role in the retinal distortion than full-thickness retinal folding. CONCLUSION: The appearance and time course of these intraretinal white lesions were consistent with cotton-wool spots caused by mechanical disruption of axonal flow. The marked retinal stretching and distortion of the innermost layers of the retina were the most striking findings in this study and also seemed consistent with the concept that membrane contraction and resultant nerve fiber layer distortion might lead to blockage of axoplasmic flow and thus a cotton-wool spot.
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Endocytosis is the process by which cells take in fluid and components of the plasma membrane. In this way cells obtain nutrients and trophic factors, retrieve membrane proteins for degradation, and sample their environment. In neuronal cells endocytosis is essential for the recycling of membrane after neurotransmitter release and plays a critical role during early developmental stages. Moreover, alterations of the endocytic pathway have been attributed a crucial role in the pathophysiology of certain neurological diseases. Although well characterized at the ultrastructural level, little is known of the dynamics and molecular organization of the neuronal endocytic pathways. In this respect most of our knowledge comes from studies of non-neuronal cells. In this review we will examine the endocytic pathways in neurons from a cell biological viewpoint by making comparisons with non-neuronal cells and in particular with another polarized cell, the epithelial cell.