PubMed · 6354462
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J Adamec. 1983-09-23. [Jan Janský].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6354462/
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Much of the controversy over DNA evidence is due to the way in which forensic scientific evidence has classically been presented. The orthodox approach is to consider whether two samples match according to a predetermined criterion. If they do, the fact of match is reported along with an estimate of the frequency of the characteristics. This method fails to address the questions raised in court cases, diverts argument into irrelevancies and stultifies research. Presentation of evidence in the form of likelihood ratios, on the other hand, forces the witness to answer the questions the court is interested in and makes apparent lines of research required to increase our understanding.
1. The content and distribution of carbohydrate was examined in mucus glycopolypeptides from human antral mucosae. 2. The mean amount of carbohydrate per 1000 amino acid residues was found to be similar in glycopolypeptides with A, B or H activity. It was slightly, though significantly, less in glycopolypeptides lacking these determinants, because carbohydrate chains were of a shorter average length than in the A-, B- or H-active preparations. This difference was reflected in the sizes of oligosaccharide-alcohols released from representative glycopolypeptides with alkaline borohydride. 3. Differences between A-, B- or H-active and non-secretor glycopolypeptides in terms of the mean number of carbohydrate chains per 1000 amino acid residues were found to be small, and without significance. 4. The average number of peripheral monosaccharide units per 1000 amino acid residues was greater in A-active than in H-active, and least in non-secretor, glycopolypeptides. This order was reversed for monosaccharide units incorporated into skeletal (core plus backbone) structures. The difference in each case was statistically significant. 5. These findings suggest that the increased risk of peptic ulcer associated with blood group O and non-secretor status is unlikely to be attributable to an inherent deficiency in the protective mucus layer, linked to differences between mucins that are associated with A, B or H activity. Other hypotheses linked to infection with Helicobacter pylori are examined.
Ten red cell samples lacking the high incidence Gya antigen were found to have the previously undescribed Do(a-b-) phenotype. Fifteen Hy- red cell samples were Do(a-b+) with weak expression of Dob and 6 Jo(a-) red cell samples were Do(a+) with weak expression of Doa. Five of the 6 Jo(a-) samples had extremely weak expression of Dob. The sixth Jo(a-) was Do(b-). Immune precipitates were prepared from radio-iodinated antigen-positive red cells with anti-Gya, -Hy, -Doa and Dob. Immunoblotting of these immune precipitates with affinity-purified anti-Gya and anti-Dob under non-reducing conditions revealed similar broadly migrating bands of M(r) 48,700-59,750, suggesting that the Doa and Dob antigens are carried on the same glycoprotein as Gya and Hy. The phenotypically associated high incidence Joa antigen has previously been shown to reside on the Gya/Hy glycoprotein. Enzyme-treated and chemically modified red cells tested with anti-Doa, -Dob, -Gya, -Hy and -Joa gave the same pattern of reactivity. We propose that Gya, Hy and Joa become part of the Dombrock blood group system and that, henceforth, the Gya/Hy-active glycoprotein be renamed the Dombrock-active glycoprotein. The Gy(a)-Hy- Jo(a-) phenotype constitutes the 'null' phenotype within the Dombrock system.