PubMed · 6629355
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R C Erickson. 1983. Controlled drinking.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6629355/
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Excessive alcohol consumption is a major health and social issue in our society. Pharmacologic administration of the endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) suppresses alcohol consumption through actions in the brain in rodents, and genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved with FGF21 signaling as being associated with increased alcohol consumption in humans. However, the neural circuit(s) through which FGF21 signals to suppress alcohol consumption are unknown, as are its effects on alcohol consumption in higher organisms. Here, we demonstrate that administration of an FGF21 analog to alcohol-preferring non-human primates reduces alcohol intake by 50%. Further, we reveal that FGF21 suppresses alcohol consumption through a projection-specific subpopulation of KLB-expressing neurons in the basolateral amygdala. Our results illustrate how FGF21 suppresses alcohol consumption through a specific population of neurons in the brain and demonstrate its therapeutic potential in non-human primate models of excessive alcohol consumption.
OBJECTIVE: To describe, evaluate, and suggest interpretations for an observed aggregate level relation between trends in mortality from cirrhosis and per capita consumption of distilled spirits in the United States. DESIGN: Trend analysis using data on US cirrhosis mortality and per capita alcohol consumption. RESULTS: There is a consistent long term trend relation between mortality from cirrhosis and per capita consumption of distilled spirits in the United States from 1949 to 1994. Two instances of comparatively sharp drops in the consumption of spirits earlier in the 1940s generated mixed results in predicting changes in cirrhosis mortality. CONCLUSIONS: An aggregate level relation between trends in long term cirrhosis mortality and the consumption of spirits falls considerably short of establishing a direct causal link between the two for individuals. Moreover, two sharp drops in the consumption of spirits generated only mixed results with respect to the short term trend in cirrhosis. Nevertheless, the observed relation between the consumption of spirits and cirrhosis mortality merits further investigation.
For a number of years the Danish National Board of Health has recommended that pregnant women should avoid alcohol during pregnancy. In recent years it has consistently been shown that one drink/day or more increases the risk of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. Increasing intake may reduce birth length and head circumference, cause preterm birth, reduced Apgar score at one and five minutes, stillbirth and malformations as well as long term effects such as reduced IQ, learning disabilities, hyperactivity, cognitive, behavioural and psychosocial problems, and in the most severe cases foetal alcohol syndrome. It is recommended that in the future pregnant women are given the following information: If you drink, drink no more than one drink per day; do not drink every day. The National Board of Health adds the following recommendation: Avoid alcohol in pregnancy if possible. Interactions between alcohol and drugs are poorly studied in pregnancy, and the recommendations do probably not apply when taking drugs that interfere with alcohol metabolism.