PubMed · 6804758
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L Robert, M Moczar. 1982. Structural glycoproteins.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(82)82105-8
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Amino acid (AA) profiles from body fluids such as blood and urine are clinical indicators for diagnosing metabolic and hepatic diseases. Current quantitative methods, such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with isotopically labelled internal standards (ISs), are costly and technically demanding. This study proposes a cost-efficient alternative using structural isomers as ISs in a direct liquid infusion (DLI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) approach. The method leverages chimeric spectra and fragment intensity ratios to quantify AAs, demonstrating high linearity and precision even with a 3D ion trap mass analyser. This approach offers a viable strategy for AA quantification in preventive medicine, particularly for screening metabolic diseases such as phenylketonuria, diabetes, and liver dysfunction.
The relative energy between two different protonation sites of the Asp25' catalytic site residue is computed and analyzed for various HIV-1 Protease/inhibitor complexes and compared to the wild-type structure. By comparing calculations of negatively charged fragments of gradually increasing size up to 105 atoms we show that correct modeling of the HIV-1 Protease active site requires much larger models than the commonly used acetic acid/acetate moieties. The energy difference between the two proposed protonation sites decreases as the size of the system increases and tends to converge only when the entire catalytic triad of both monomers is taken into account. The importance of the Gly27 backbone amine groups in the stabilization of the negative charge within the catalytic site cleft is revealed. Comparison of the wild-type structure with the structures from various Pr/drug complexes indicates that the HIV-1 protease has a particular catalytic site flexibility.
The proprotein convertases (PCs) participate in the limited proteolysis of integrin alpha4 subunit at the H(592)VISKR(597) downward arrow ST site (where underlined residues indicate positively charged amino acids important for PC-mediated cleavage and downward arrow indicates the cleavage site), since this cleavage is inhibited by the serpin alpha1-PDX (alpha1-antitrypsin Portland). Co-expression of alpha4 with each convertase in LoVo (furin-deficient human colon carcinoma) cells revealed that furin and proprotein convertase 5A (PC5A) are the best pro-alpha4 convertases. In agreement, processing of endogenous pro-alpha4 in human lymphoblastoid CEM-T4 cells was enhanced greatly in stable transfectants overexpressing either enzyme. In many leucocyte cell lines, the expression of furin closely correlated with the endogenous processing efficacy, suggesting that furin is a candidate pro-alpha4 convertase. Mutational analysis showed that replacement of P1 Arg(597) with alanine (R597A) abrogated cleavage, whereas the P6 mutant H592R is even better processed by the endogenous convertases of Chinese-hamster ovary CHO-K1 cells. In vitro kinetic studies using synthetic peptides confirmed the importance of a positively charged residue at P6 and showed that wild-type alpha4 processing is performed best by furin and PC5A at acidic and neutral pHs, respectively. Biosynthetic analysis of pro-alpha4 and its H592R and H592K mutants in the presence or absence of the weak base, NH(4)Cl, revealed that the P6 histidine residue renders its processing by furin sensitive to cellular pH. This suggests that pro-alpha4 cleavage occurs preferentially in acidic compartments. In conclusion, although the accepted furin processing motif is Arg-Xaa-(Lys/Arg)-Arg downward arrow, our data further extend it to include a regulatory histidine residue at P6 in precursors that lack a basic residue at P4.