PubMed · 6926432
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C Keats. Co-parenting.. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399338109515603
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We investigated the influence of maternal drug use/personality attributes and child-rearing on 2-yr-olds' sadness. The sample consisted of 62 girls and 53 boys and their mothers. Analysis showed maternal parenting practices served as a mediator for the effect of the mothers' personalities on the children's feelings of sadness. Moreover, the mothers' personality traits of low interpersonal difficulty, anxiety, and depression were important in enhancing low maternal alcohol or illegal drug use, leading to less sadness in the children.
OBJECTIVE: To describe maternal beliefs and practices of spanking infants and toddlers and the relations between factors affecting these beliefs and practices. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Site 1 was an inner-city teaching hospital pediatric clinic. Site 2 was a private pediatrician's office in a nearby suburban neighborhood. PARTICIPANTS: Mothers of children less than 4 years old in the waiting area. Site 1: n = 104; site 2: n = 100. SELECTION: Systematic sample of convenience. METHODS: Mothers were interviewed using a 20-minute structured questionnaire. Measures were constructed to assess beliefs (Cronbach's alpha = .90) and practices about spanking and approach to discipline (alpha > .71). RESULTS: Belief in spanking correlated significantly (P < .001) with belief in negative approach (r = .52) and with the practice (r = .46) and severity (r = .34) of spanking. Nineteen percent of the mothers believed that there are times when it is appropriate to spank a child less than 1 year old, and 74% believed this about children 1 to 3 years old. Forty-two percent reported that they had spanked their own child in the past week. Mothers believed more strongly in spanking for dangerous misbehaviors than for annoying ones (P < .001). Belief in spanking and negative approach were stronger for older toddlers (P < .001). Belief in and frequency of spanking were more common at the inner-city site (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The belief in and practice of spanking are prevalent in disciplining very young children. The context of the spanking affects beliefs and practices. The finding that belief and practice of spanking are highly correlated suggests that belief rather than impulse largely explains spanking of children less than 4 years old. The high correlation between spanking and negative approach toward discipline raises questions about whether negative consequences of spanking are the result of spanking per se, the negative approach toward the child, or both.
This study investigated the parenting stress and style and the social networks of parents with preschool children with and without craniofacial anomalies (CFA), and the effect of these factors on the child's level of social skill. Fifty-two families participated in the study. No differences were found between the CFA and control groups on level of parenting stress, parenting style, or social network characteristics. However, parents with children with visible defects found their social support networks more helpful, and advocated a more nurturing parenting style. For the CFA group, parenting stress predicted child level of social skill. These results underscore the importance of investigating the interaction between parent and child factors.