PubMed · 7123274
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B A Spirt, L P Gordon, E H Kagan. 1982. The placenta: sonographic-pathologic correlations.. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-198x(82)90078-5
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OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to study the incidence and location of histologic evidence of intrauterine bleeding in preterm and term placentas. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 462 consecutive placentas delivered at < 32 weeks' gestation, from which cases of placenta previa, stillbirth, and multiple gestation were excluded, were compared with 108 consecutive term placentas (with similar exclusion criteria) in regard to the presence of hemosiderin in decidua of basal plate or placental membranes. Of the 462 preterm cases, 448 charts made specific reference to the presence or absence of vaginal bleeding. Bloody show alone was not considered bleeding. The blinded scoring of lesions (including acute ascending infection, uteroplacental vascular pathologic processes and related ischemic damage, chronic inflammation, and coagulation related lesions) was analyzed by contingency tables (p < 0.05 significant). RESULTS: A total of 196 of 462 (43%) preterm placentas had any decidual hemosiderin compared with one of 108 (0.8%) at term (p < 0.00001). Among the preterm cases, hemosiderin was significantly more common in preeclampsia (45/76, 60%) and in cases clinically diagnosed as nonhypertensive abruptio placentae (21/33, 64%) than in premature membrane rupture (72/192, 37.5%) and preterm labor (58/161, 36%, p < 0.003). The incidence of placental lesions in preterm cases with extraplacental membrane hemosiderin was not different than it was in cases without hemosiderin. Placental lesions related to basal-plate decidual hemosiderin in the preterm cases were villous infarct (p < 0.0001), uteroplacental vessels with absence of physiologic change (p < 0.003) and increased numbers of circulating nucleated erythrocytes (p < 0.0007), uteroplacental thrombosis (p < 0.0001), and villous fibrosis (p < 0.0001) and hypovascularity (p < 0.0001). Among the preterm cases, 23 of 48 (48%) with first-trimester bleeding, 33 of 66 (50%) with second-trimester bleeding, and 31 of 64 (48%) with multiple episodes of bleeding had decidual hemosiderin (p < 0.0001). A clinical history of gestational bleeding was significantly less common in cases of preterm preeclampsia with histologic evidence of bleeding (four of 73, 5.5%) than in nonhypertensive abruptio placentae (18/31, 58%), premature rupture of membranes (52/183, 28%), or preterm labor (31/161, 19%, p < 0.0001). Hemosiderin was not related to clinical bleeding < 72 hours of delivery (p > 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Decidual bleeding is common in all clinical types of preterm birth and is most common in preterm preeclampsia and nonhypertensive abruption placentae. A clinical history of bleeding is not correlated with the presence of decidual hemosiderin. Bleeding in the basal plate is related to histologic evidence of chronic uteroplacental vascular pathologic processes, which in cases of spontaneous prematurity (premature rupture of membranes, preterm labor, nonhypertensive abruptio placentae) may be associated with decidual bleeding which occasionally may be clinically manifested as gestational bleeding.
This study examines the indications for performing the Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test and makes recommendations for its use. Results of 523 KB tests performed during 1993 at our hospital (Cleveland, Ohio) are reviewed in conjunction with surgical pathology reports of placental findings, obstetric records, and toxicology results. We conclude that the KB test should be performed following a positive screening test on all Rh negative mothers of Rh positive infants. Additional indications include cases of maternal trauma, unexplained increased maternal alpha-fetoprotein levels, fetal distress with abnormal heart tracings, intrauterine fetal death, and cases of unexplained neonatal anemia. We note that the KB test should not be performed to detect suspected placental abruption.
OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine whether obstetric patients with unexplained elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels from an indigent clinic population are at increased risk for adverse perinatal outcome compared with similar patients with normal values. STUDY DESIGN: Perinatal outcomes from inner-city obstetric patients with unexplained elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels (> 2.0 multiples of the median) were compared with patients from the same clinic with normal values. The frequency of adverse outcomes in the two groups was subjected to chi 2 analysis. RESULTS: Adverse perinatal outcomes occurred in 33 of 57 (58%) of the subjects with unexplained elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels compared with 163 of 719 (23%) patients with normal values (p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were observed for abruptio placentae (p < 0.025), intrauterine growth retardation (p < 0.025), stillbirth at > 20 weeks (p < 0.001), and pregnancy-induced hypertension (p < 0.01). Differences in the frequencies of preterm premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, pregnancy loss < 20 weeks, and congenital malformations were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In contrast to a previous report, we found that unexplained elevated maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels confer an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome in an urban clinic population over and above the already increased risk related to socioeconomic status.