PubMed · 7126005
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R J Elble. 1982. Physiologic hand tremor.. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1982.00510230063023
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Two types of kicking movements were studied: "touch mode" (minimal impact force) and "strike mode" (maximal impact force). Notable differences have been found to exist between the two kicking conditions. In the "strike mode", the onset of the voluntary movement occurred later and the movements of the postural segments preceding the voluntary movement were significantly longer and larger. These results confirm that the early postural adjustments contribute importantly to the efficiency of these movements.
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Muscle activation levels in humans were examined during two different static tasks which required the same joint angles and the same joint moments. In the isometric case, joint angles were fixed and subjects were required to match forces. In the isoinertial case, a constant load was imposed across the joint and the subject was required to match position. It was observed that for a specified posture and for specified load conditions, EMG activity varied depending on whether the limb was loaded isometrically or isoinertially. That is, different co-activation relationships were observed for position control versus force control tasks during otherwise similar conditions. These results imply that the neural command for static tasks depends on more than joint angles and load magnitude.