PubMed · 7162940
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R D Luce, R M Nosofsky, D M Green, A F Smith. 1982. The bow and sequential effects in absolute identification.. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03202769
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Mechanisms of human attention allow selective processing of just the relevant events among the many stimuli bombarding our senses. Most laboratory studies examine attention within just a single sense, but in the real world many important events are specified multimodally, as in verbal communication. Speech comprises visual lip movements as well as sounds, and lip-reading contributes to speech perception, even for listeners with good hearing, by a process of audiovisual integration. Such examples raise the problem of how we coordinate our spatial attention across the sensory modalities, to select sights and sounds from a common source for further processing. Here we show that this problem is alleviated by allowing some cross-modal matching before attentional selection is completed. Cross-modal matching can lead to an illusion, whereby sounds are mislocated at their apparent visual source; this crossmodal illusion can enhance selective spatial attention to speech sounds.
How should a visual search task be terminated when no target is found? Such searches could end after a serial search through all items, but blank trials in many tasks are terminated too quickly for that to be plausible. This paper proposes a solution based on Wolfe's (1994) Guided Search model. The probability that each item is a target is computed in parallel based on items' differences from each other and their similarity to the desired target. This probability is expressed as an activation. Activations are examined in decreasing order until the target is found or until an activation threshold is reached. This threshold is set adaptively by the observer--more conservative following misses, more liberal following successful trials. In addition, observers guess on some trials. The probability of a guess increases as trial duration increases. The model successfully explains blank trial performance. Specific predictions are tested by experiments.
This study examines children's modification of their own retrieval processes in a cued recall task. Each experiment had multiple study-test trails with triplets of categorically related words (Horse-Pig-Cow). Category-orienting questions were asked at acquisition, and each trial had different triplet stimuli. The last triplet word was the target, and the retrieval cues were the whole-context cue (Horse-Pig), a part context cue (Horse), or a noncontext associate (Goat). The measure of retrieval induction was recall increases across trials. Experiments 1 and 3 examined retrieval support for induction by 7- to 12-year olds by manipulating cue type. Experiments 2 and 4 manipulated acquisition variables that might effect retrieval induction. The results showed induction of an effective retrieval strategy in the situations of maximum retrieval support even by the 7-year olds, and developmental differences occurred in the situations where the retrieval cues provided few hints about the acquisition encoding operation. The results suggest that monitoring and modification of retrieval processes should be distinguished and that monitoring is necessary but not sufficient for induction of an effective retrieval strategy. The results have implications for understanding children's strategy-utilization deficiencies in memory tasks.