Falls after strokes.

To increase knowledge about recent trends in the number and incidence of various fall-induced injuries among older adults, the authors selected from the National Hospital Discharge Register all patients 60 years of age or older who were admitted to hospitals in Finland for primary treatment of a first fall-induced severe head injury during 1970-1995. Similar patients aged 30-39 years served as a reference group. For the study period, the number and incidence (per 100,000 persons) of fall-induced severe head injuries in Finnish persons 60 years of age or older increased considerably (554 and 85, respectively, in 1970 compared with 1,393 and 144, respectively, in 1995). The age-adjusted incidence of these injuries also increased in women, from 80 in 1970 to 125 in 1995, and in men, from 102 in 1970 to 147 in 1995. In the reference group (patients aged 30-39 years), the absolute numbers and incidences of similar injuries did not show consistent trend changes over time. We conclude that the number of fall-induced severe head injuries in elderly Finnish women and men is increasing at a rate that cannot be explained simply by demographic changes, and therefore vigorous preventive measures should be instituted at once to control the increasing burden of these devastating injuries.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1999

Head trauma in children younger than 2 years: are there predictors for complications?

OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of skull fracture (SF) and intracranial injury (ICA) among children younger than 2 years evaluated in a pediatric emergency department for head trauma; whether historical features and/or physical findings are predictive of injury type; and whether clinical criteria could allow a selective approach to radiographic imaging. DESIGN: Retrospective medical record review. SETTING: Tertiary pediatric emergency department. PATIENTS: Case series of 278 children aged younger than 24 months evaluated for head injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of SF and/or ICA. RESULTS: Diagnoses at discharge included 227 minor head injuries, 39 isolated SF, 9 ICA with SF, and 3 isolated ICA. Children younger than 12 months had the highest incidence of SF/ICA (29%) vs 4% for children aged 13 to 24 months (P<.001). Seven percent of complications from SF/ICA resulted from falls 3 ft (0.9 m) or less [corrected]. Incidence of behavioral change, loss of consciousness, emesis, and seizures did not differ significantly between those with minor head injuries and those with SF/ICA. Scalp abnormalities were more common in children with SF/ICA (P<.001). Sixty-two percent of children with isolated SF and 58% of children with ICA had no history of loss of consciousness, emesis, seizure, or behavioral change. Ninety-two percent of children with isolated SF and 75% of children with ICA had normal levels of consciousness and nonfocal neurologic examinations at diagnosis. Among children who fell 3 ft or less (0.9 m) [corrected] and had no loss of consciousness, emesis, seizure, behavioral change, or scalp abnormality, none of 31 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0-0.10) children younger than 24 months and none of 20 (95% CI, 0-0.15) children younger than 12 months had SF/ICA. CONCLUSIONS: Both SF and ICA are common in children younger than 2 years evaluated for head trauma. Children younger than 12 months are at highest risk. Injuries resulted from relatively minor falls and occurred in alert, neurologically normal children. Clinical signs and symptoms were insensitive predictors of SF/ICA; however, a grouping of features (fall < or = 3 ft [0.9 m], no history of neurologic symptoms, and normal scalp physical examination results) identified a subset of children at low risk for complications.

Accidental Falls↗