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PubMed · 7654974

Inexpensive complex hand model.

P Frenger
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Abstract

This paper describes a functional model of the human hand suitable for design and testing of various motion control systems. A five digit arrangement (four fingers with opposable thumb) with anthropomorphic joints is used which provide a physiologic range of motion from the phalanges through the wrist. These joints can be operated by various actuators (ie: contractile wire, stepper motors, hydraulics, pneumatics) with or without position/force feedback sensors. The construction techniques utilize cheap, readily obtainable materials which can easily be formed and assembled with common modelmaker's tools. Students and teaching laboratories will be able to afford the basic hand system. The model is sophisticated enough to serve as a platform for non-trivial applications such as research (prosthetics/rehabilitation), teaching, and aids for the handicapped. Construction plans are available from the author.

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BibTeXRIS

P Frenger. 1995. Inexpensive complex hand model.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7654974/

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PubMed1997

The effect of post-injury spinal position on canal occlusion in a cervical spine burst fracture model.

STUDY DESIGN: The canal space of burst-fractured, human cervical spine specimens was monitored to determine the extent to which spinal position affected post-injury occlusion. OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in spinal canal occlusion as a function of spinal positioning for a burst-fractured cervical spine model. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Although previous studies have documented the effect of spinal positioning on canal geometry in intact cadaver spines, to the authors' knowledge, none has examined this relationship specifically in a burst fracture model. METHODS: Eight human cervical spine specimens (levels C1 to T3) were fractured by axial impact, and the resulting burst injuries were documented using post-injury radiographs and computed tomography scans. Canal occlusion was measured using a custom transducer in which water was circulated through a section of flexible tygon tubing that was passed through the spinal canal. Any impingement on the tubing produced a rise in fluid pressure that was monitored with a pressure transducer. Each spine was positioned in flexion, extension, lateral (and off-axis) bending, axial rotation, traction, and compression, while canal occlusion and angular position were monitored. Occlusion values for each position were compared with measurements taken with the spine in neutral position. RESULTS: Compared with neutral position, compression, extension, and extension combined with lateral bending significantly increased canal occlusion, whereas flexion decreased the extent of occlusion. In extension, the observed mechanism of occlusion was ligamentum flavum bulge caused by ligament laxity resulting from reduced vertebral body height. CONCLUSIONS: Increased compression of the spinal cord after injury may lead to more extensive neurologic loss. This study demonstrated that placing a burst-fractured cervical spine into either extension or compression significantly increased canal occlusion as compared with occlusion in a neutral position.

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