PubMed · 7757581
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Y Kajita, Y Nakajima, M Nakagawa. 1993. [Cytokine-induced thyroid dysfunction].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7757581/
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Paraproteinaemias may be associated with benign or malignant proliferations of lymphocytes or plasma cells, including multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and Waldenström's macroglobulinaemia. Primary amyloidosis may be associated with multiple myeloma and rarely with lymphoid malignancies, but most cases can be considered as a particular form of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, where the paraprotein causes damage by virtue of its amyloidogenic properties. This article discusses recent advances in understanding of the biology of multiple myeloma. Multiple myeloma is now known to arise from a post-germinal centre B cell in the lymph node which homes to the bone marrow. Interactions with stromal cells in the marrow facilitate homing and growth of the myeloma cells. The stromal cells produce IL-6, which is an important growth factor for myeloma cells, while the myeloma cells produce factors such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta that activate osteoclasts, resulting in myeloma bone disease. Myeloma cells also produce vascular endothelial growth factor which results in increased microvessel formation in the marrow, promoting tumour growth. There has been interest in the possible role of the Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus (HHV8) in multiple myeloma, following the demonstration of viral gene sequences in multiple myeloma marrow. However, results of further studies have been conflicting and at present there is no clear evidence for an aetiological role of HHV8 in multiple myeloma. Cytogenetic studies using modern techniques have demonstrated that almost all multiple myeloma cases are cytogenetically abnormal, the predominant abnormalities being various translocations involving chromosome 14q and deletions of chromosome 13. 14q translocations are equally common in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, but deletions of chromosome 13 seem to be associated with progression to multiple myeloma, and also have powerful prognostic significance for survival in multiple myeloma patients.
Immune parameters were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and cervical mucosa biopsy specimens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative women sexually exposed to HIV (exposed seronegative [ESN]), HIV-infected women, and healthy women without HIV exposure. HIV was not detected in PBMC or cervical mucosa biopsy specimens of ESN women. However, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and -beta mRNA were elevated in PBMC and cervical mucosa biopsy specimens of ESN and HIV-infected women; CCR5 and CXCR4 mRNA were augmented in cervical mucosa biopsy specimens, but not in PBMC, of ESN and HIV-infected women; HIV-specific IFN-gamma-secreting cells were detected in vaginal washes of ESN and HIV-infected women; and phenotypic alterations were present in PBMC of ESN women. These results suggest that active HIV infection is not required for T cell activation; immune alterations occur in women in whom HIV infection cannot be detected virologically or clinically.
Segments of human temporal artery were incubated in organ culture for 2 days in the absence or presence of cytokines. Thereafter, contractions were induced by the selective endothelin ET(B) receptor agonist sarafotoxin S6c, a peptide that does not induce contraction in fresh human temporal artery. Interleukin-1beta was most potent in increasing the sarafotoxin-induced contraction in cultured segments. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha increased the magnitude of contraction to a similar degree, but at a higher dose. A significant increase was also induced by interferon-gamma, but not by interleukin-6 at the concentrations used. The results suggest that endothelin ET(B) receptor-mediated contraction can be enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner, and this may have relevance for pathophysiological conditions where inflammation and vasoactivity are important.