PubMed · 7901606
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T Aspray. 1993-11-20. Overseas electives.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7901606/
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Ten West African Dwarf (WAD) female goats and twelve Djallonké ewes were artificially infected with a West African strain of Trypanosoma congolense and monitored during 36 weeks over an acute phase (weeks 0-12) and chronic phase (weeks 13-36) to evaluate their haematological and immunological response. Parasitaemia, packed cell volume, red blood cells, haemoglobin, white blood cells and trypanosomal antibodies were assessed. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were calculated. The infected animals showed a persistent parasitaemia together with a chronic anaemia and significantly lower packed cell volume, red blood cell count and haemoglobin. The infected sheep developed a macrocytic, hypochromic anaemia during the acute phase changing to normocytic, hypochromic during the chronic phase, whereas, the infected goats developed a normocytic, normochromic anaemia during the acute phase and normocytic, hypochromic during the chronic phase. A significant increase in WBC counts was observed only in the infected sheep during the chronic phase. Trypanosomal antibody titres were significantly higher in the infected sheep than in the infected goats. Both species are regarded as trypanotolerant but Djallonké sheep mount a better haematopoietic and immunological response to infection with T. congolense than WAD goats.
Chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae, given the informal designations Bamako, Mopti, and Savannah, have been recognized by the presence or absence of four paracentric inversions on chromosome 2. Studies of karyotype frequencies at sites where the forms occur in sympatry have led to the suggestion that these forms represent species. We conducted a study of the genetic structure of populations of An. gambiae from two villages in Mali, west Africa. Populations at each site were composed of the Bamako and Mopti forms and the sibling species, Anopheles arabiensis. Karyotypes were determined for each individual mosquito and genotypes at 21 microsatellite loci determined. A number of the microsatellites have been physically mapped to polytene chromosomes, making it possible to select loci based on their position relative to the inversions used to define forms. We found that the chromosomal forms differ at all loci on chromosome 2, but there were few differences for loci on other chromosomes. Geographic variation was small. Gene flow appears to vary among different regions within the genome, being lowest on chromosome 2, probably due to hitchhiking with the inversions. We conclude that the majority of observed genetic divergence between chromosomal forms can be explained by forces that need not involve reproductive isolation, although reproductive isolation is not ruled out. We found low levels of gene flow between the sibling species Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis, similar to estimates based on observed frequencies of hybrid karyotypes in natural populations.
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