PubMed · 7950735
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A Dorozynski. 1994-10-22. Pollution in Paris causes problems.. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.309.6961.1039b
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Capturing the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants in industrial parks remains challenging for regional air quality models because of their coarse resolution (3 km), resulting in uncertainties in local emission quantification. To address this, we developed the Integrated Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System for Industry (IAQMS-Industry), coupling the regional Nested Air Quality Prediction Modelling System (NAQPMS) with a city-scale chemical transport model. This framework integrates point-source locations and Gaussian plume dispersion to simulate particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) at 100 m resolution. Applied to the Beijing Yi Zhuang and Tangshan industrial parks and evaluated against observations. The coupled model achieved a normalized mean bias (NMB) ranging from 3.1 % to 6.2 %, improving upon NAQPMS (-16.9 % to -7.7 %). Spatial analysis revealed that coarse regional grids underestimated the PM2.5​ concentrations at industrial sites by smoothing gradients, whereas IAQMS-Industry successfully resolved spatial patterns. Industrial point emissions accounted for 22.9 %-26.4 % of PM2.5 in the coupled model, which was significantly greater than the regional model estimates of 1.6 %-13.7 %. These findings indicate that regional models overestimate pollutant dispersion processes in industrial parks while underestimating local industrial impacts. By explicitly resolving point-source dynamics and linking them to regional transport, IAQMS-Industry provides a robust tool for designing targeted emission controls in industrial cities and balancing local air quality improvements with minimized regional pollution outflow. This study underscores the necessity of multiscale modelling for accurate source apportionment and informed environmental governance in industrial zones.
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Microwave heating was employed for preparation of the standard gas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (semi-VOCs) by using a 1000 W commercial domestic microwave oven and 1 L gas-sampling bulbs. The VOCs investigated were benzene, chloroform, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, and the semi-VOCs used were the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) PCB 1016 and PCB 1248. Since these weakly or nonpolar molecules are very poor absorbers of microwave energy, an appropriate amount of water was introduced to accept microwave radiation and act as the thermal source to accelerate their evaporation. The glass bulb may also contribute thermal energy to the VOCs/semi-VOCs by accepting microwave energy to a small degree. For 0.5 microL of liquid VOCs on 10 mg of glass wool, it was shown that 15 microL of H2O and 60 s of microwave heating yielded a very efficient evaporation [97.2-106.4%, compared with a classic method (Muller, L; Gorecki, T.; Pawliszyn, J. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 1999, 364, 610-616)]. For 1 microL of PCB solution (1000 microg/mL in hexane), 15 microL of H2O and 90 s of microwave heating also provided a complete evaporation. The addition of water was particularly significant for microwave-assisted evaporation of PCBs because semi-VOCs are much more difficult to evaporate than VOCs. This developed microwave technique proved to be quite simple, powerful, rapid, accurate, and safe for the preparation of VOC/semi-VOC standard gas. Solid- phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography was used for the gas analysis.