PubMed · 8040526
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G T Chyz. 1994. Amalgam.. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1994.0199
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Mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI) are mainly controlled by its unique microstructure. The objectives of this paper are to characterize the microstructural morphology and the phase distribution of ADI using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and to determine the mechanism of strengthening and toughening of ADI. The experimental results show that, in the microstructure of ADI composing of upper bainite, retained austenite, graphitic nodule, and a small amount of martensite, the upper bainite is composed of sub-units of ferrite in the shape of "wheat ears" on which the "wheat grains" grow at an angle of about 60 degrees to the long axis of the "wheat ears." The retained austenite is connected with each other in the shape of a continuous net. The wheat-ear like bainite with a homogeneous distribution in the continuous austenite net plays an important role to the strengthening and toughening of ADI. The metastable austenite appears in the shape of a large plate in which the martensite is preferentially formed. The appearance of martensite can be suppressed at the time when retained austenite remains stable, which is of benefit to the continuity and homogeneity of austenite net.
This article describes a simple step-by-step procedure that uses inexpensive materials to enable those who wish to learn procedures used in the construction of a screw-type implant overdenture to practice these procedures before they use expensive precious metal components. The use of this procedure will result in considerable savings in training costs and affords a greater opportunity to provide practical experience before making this type of an overdenture for patients. It could also provide for a rapid expansion in the number of trained personnel who could make this form of treatment available to a larger number of patients.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: When compared with waxes and prefabricated components made of dental alloys, processing resins is difficult and often results in a less accurate fit. The exact linear dimension is hard to realize, as the materials required for a dental casting are adjusted to dental waxes, and usually there are no special processing instructions for these resins. PURPOSE: The surface structure of 16 residue-free burning resins was determined to find which could enlarge the range of application for waxes in the dental casting technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 480 specimens (30 castings for each of 16 resins) were marked with an individually cut pyramid, which left an impression in the resin. This was distinctly visible in the metal after casting in "the lost form." The surfaces of these 480 specimens were measured in three dimensions with a positioning aid "before casting in resin" and "after casting in metal" by the Perthometer micrometer. All specimens were treated identically by the lost-wax process by using the rotation symmetry of the muffle. The differences in the surface data before casting in resin and after casting in metal characterize the quality of the particular resin. RESULTS: Surface roughness differed between the 16 resins in the range of micrometer. CONCLUSIONS: With the dental casting technique, it is recommended that some resins replace waxes or wax-resin compositions.