PubMed · 8074794
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P Verhagen. 1994-04-07. [Crazy behavior or?].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8074794/
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Radon and radon progeny measurements are conducted world-wide for the assessment of the radiation dose to workers and the general public. In the last 10 years, a variety of instruments have been developed that utilize different principles of detection for different measurement applications. The various instruments and methods used today depend on whether radon or radon/thoron progeny are being measured, the type of radiation being detected, and also the duration of the measurement. Other important design criteria are applicability, portability, convenience, reliability, and cost considerations. The instruments under consideration use the following detection systems: pulse ionization chambers, electret ionization chambers, scintillation detectors with zinc sulfide ZnS(Ag), alpha particle spectrometers with silicon diodes, surface barrier or diffused junction detectors, registration of nuclear tracks in solid-state materials, and gamma-ray spectometry with NaI(TI) scintillation crystals or germanium lithium (GeLi) semiconductors. Discussed in this paper are the advantages and disadvantages of the various portable instrumentation used for measuring radon, thoron, and their progeny. Also provided is guidance for their application in the field.
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OBJECTIVES: To measure occupational exposures to environmental tobacco smoke in diverse settings, including offices and production areas, and to evaluate the effectiveness of policies that restrict or ban smoking in the workplace. DESIGN: Survey. The average weekly concentration of environmental tobacco smoke was measured with passive monitors that sample nicotine. Approximately 25 samples were placed in each worksite for 1 week. SETTING: Twenty-five Massachusetts worksites, including fire stations, newspaper publishers, textile dyeing plants, and manufacturers of valves, fiberoptics, flight instruments, batteries, adhesives, semiconductor equipment, filters, and tools and dies. Samples were collected in offices and production areas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The distribution of nicotine concentrations in various work settings as a function of company smoking policy. These data were interpreted with three approaches: comparing measured concentrations with a published risk assessment; comparing occupational exposures with home exposures; and evaluating the "cigarette equivalents" to which workers were exposed. RESULTS: Worksite smoking policy had a major effect on the nicotine concentrations, which fell from a median of 8.6 micrograms/m3 in the open offices at worksites that allowed smoking to 1.3 micrograms/m3 in sites that restricted smoking, and to 0.3 microgram/m3 in worksites that banned smoking. The nonoffice workspaces were affected similarly, with median concentrations of 2.3, 0.7, and 0.2 microgram/m3 at worksites that allowed, restricted, and banned smoking, respectively. CONCLUSION: All three evaluation methods indicated that occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke presents a substantial risk to workers in the absence of a policy restricting or banning smoking.