PubMed · 8178291
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J B Christensen, J Nørgaard. 1993-09-15. [Work environment. When things go wrong].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8178291/
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Osmotic flow and ion transport in a one-dimensional steady diffusion process through charged hydrated soft tissues such as articular cartilage were analysed using the triphasic theory (Lai et al., 1991, J. biomech. Engng 113, 245-258). It was found that solvent would flow from the high NaCl concentration side to the low concentration side (i.e. negative osmosis) when the fixed charge density within the tissue (or membrane) separating the two electrolyte (NaCl) solutions was lower than a critical value. The condition for negative osmosis was derived based on a linear version of the triphasic theory. Distributions of ion concentration and strain field within the tissue were calculated numerically. Quantitative results of osmotic flow rates (ordinary and negative osmosis), ion flux and electric potential across the tissue during this diffusion process suggest that the negative osmosis phenomenon is due to the friction between ions and water since they could flow through the tissues at different rates and different directions.
In this work the stability of spiculated red blood cells, called echinocytes, is studied. It is assumed that the stable echinocyte shape corresponds to the minimum of its membrane elastic energy. It is shown that if the membrane skeleton shear elasticity is not taken into account the calculated stable echinocyte shapes always have only one spicule. However, by considering the skeleton shear elastic energy also, the calculated stable echinocyte shapes have many spicula in agreement with experimental observations.