PubMed · 8242495
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J M Forster. 1993-12-01. Mandatory bicycle helmets?. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8242495/
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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of injury prevention counseling opportunities in children referred to a pediatric otolaryngologist. DESIGN: A caregiver questionnaire was administered during office registration. SETTING: Hospital-based pediatric otolaryngology practice in a metropolitan area. PATIENTS: Random sample of 300 caregiver questionnaires stratified by the age of the child. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevention counseling opportunities, defined as ignorance of hottest water temperature, child exposure to passive smoke, missing smoke detectors on one or more floors in the home, or failure to use a seat belt or bicycle helmet. RESULTS: The hottest water temperature was unknown by 72% of the caregivers, smokers were present in 25% of the households, bicycle helmets were not used by 22% of the children, car seats or seat belts were not used by 11% of the children, and 10% of the homes did not have a working smoke alarm on each floor. Older children were significantly less likely to use a seat belt than were younger children. Although 98% of the caregivers had a regular pediatrician, 91% of the families still offered one or more counseling opportunities (95% confidence interval, 87% to 94%). CONCLUSIONS: Substantial opportunities exist for injury prevention counseling in pediatric otolaryngology. At least one opportunity for counseling is present for about 90% of the families, most often concerning the maximum safe hot water temperature.
This paper describes a new six-load component pedal dynamometer designed for study of knee overuse injury in cycling. A unique capability of the dynamometer is the ability to interface with multiple pedal platforms of varying height while maintaining a desired elevation of the foot above the pedal spindle axis. The dynamometer was designed using a concept described in an earlier article by Quinn and Mote (1991, Exp. Mech. 30, 40-48) which measures shear strain across multiple, thin cross-sections. An optimal design technique was used for choosing dimensions of the load measuring cross-sections. A dynamometer was designed and built using the optimal results. Calibration, accuracy results, and sample data are presented. A comparison of accuracy reveals that the new dynamometer is more accurate than previously reported instruments.