PubMed · 8474397
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S L Chow, P Harrisson. 1993-03-01. Retropubic extraperitoneal endoscopy.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8474397/
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PURPOSE: We evaluated the role of transvaginal sonography in imaging the normal cervix and its benign changes. METHODS: This prospective study included 512 postmenopausal women who underwent transvaginal sonography before hysterectomy and within 15 days of a colposcopy examination that showed no malignant findings. The sonographic findings were compared to the pathology report. RESULTS: Naboth's cysts were the most common sonographic finding (102 cases), followed by cervicitis (43 cases). In 26 cases, endocervical polyps were found sonographically, and in 20 cases myomas were found. In 321 cases, the cervix showed no sonographic abnormality. Pathologic studies showed 104 Naboth's cysts, 25 cases of nonspecific cervicitis, 26 endocervical polyps, 21 myomas, and 336 normal cervices. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal sonography in diagnosing normal cervices and benign changes of the cervix are high. Transvaginal sonography provides easily obtainable, reliable information about the cervix.
Two hundred and fifty-seven consecutive women attending a major maternal and child health (MCH) center were studied clinically, colposcopically, cytologically, and microbiologically for different gynecologic infections. Out of 257 cases, 207 (80.5%) had inflammatory cervical smears, of which 183 (88.4%) were infected with one or more genital tract infections. Bacterial vaginosis (risk, 22.6-fold), chlamydia (risk, 21.6-fold), and human papillomavirus (HPV) (risk, 13.5-fold) were independently associated with inflammatory smears. In addition, significantly higher proportions of women with inflammatory smears had cervical ectopies (28.5% vs. 10.2%) and bleeding ectopies (30.9% vs. 4.1%) as compared to noninflammatory smears. Women infected with bacterial/parasitic genital infections were given specific treatment. These women were followed up at regular intervals to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. During follow-up examination, only 26 women (12.6%) showed negative smears. Sixteen women developed squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) during follow-up, and 163 women had persistent inflammatory smears. Multivariate analysis revealed that persistent inflammatory smears were associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, as revealed through detection of IgA antibodies to HSV (risk, 11.5-fold). Progression of SIL was associated with HPV infection (risk, 17.6 fold). Thus, inflammatory smears are associated with different types of infection, most of which do not respond to antimicrobial therapy.
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