PubMed · 8544499
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M Peterson. 1995-12-20. [What constitutes doping?].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8544499/
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Bladder cancer is seen mainly in men. The incidence in women is increasing, but is still approximately three to four times lower than in men. In particular transitional cell cancers seem relatively more common in men then in women (ratio 4:1), but non-transitional cell cancer is also more frequent in men (ratio 2.7: 1). As for men, smoking is the most important known factor for bladder cancer in women. Coffee-drinking also showed a weak correlation, the odds ratio being found to be twice as high for women (5.2) as for men (2.6). It was estimated that the percentage of bladder cancers attributed to occupational exposure in the United States is 11% in women, compared to 21% in men. Urinary tract infections are related to bladder cancer. The role of human papilloma virus infections, important in cervical cancer, is unclear in bladder cancer development. Surprisingly, bladder cancer is more often of a higher stage at initial diagnosis in women. With current tumor markers no explanation for the different prognosis in men and women can be postulated. The treatment of superficial bladder cancer tumors is similar for men and women. In recent years orthotopic bladder replacement has improved quality of life after cystectomy in invasive disease.
PURPOSE: To examine the relationship of instant coffee and brewed coffee with serum lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese men. METHODS: Study subjects were 4587 male self-defense officials aged 48-56 years who had a preretirement health examination at one of the three hospitals of the Self-Defense Forces from October 1986 to December 1992. A self-administered questionnaire ascertained lifestyle characteristics including consumption of a limited number of foods and beverages by all of the men. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were calculated from the values of TC, TG, and HDL cholesterol. RESULTS: While the consumption of brewed coffee was unrelated to any parameter of serum lipids and lipoproteins, instant coffee consumption showed a highly significant positive association with serum LDL cholesterol levels and an inverse association with serum TG levels. After adjustment for body mass index, smoking, alcohol use, green tea consumption, rank, and hospital, for each cup of instant coffee per day, LDL cholesterol levels were 0.82 mg/dl (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.29-1.35) higher, and TG levels in a natural log-scale were 0.014 mg/dl (95% CI 0.006-0.022) lower. There was also a tendency for a positive association between instant coffee intake and serum TC levels (trend p = 0.09). HDL cholesterol levels were unrelated to instant coffee consumption. These associations did not change after additional adjustment for selected foods and beverages associated with serum lipids and lipoproteins. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that instant coffee, not brewed coffee, may be associated with raised levels of serum LDL cholesterol and decreased levels of serum TG.
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