PubMed · 8647986
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R L Kornberg. 1996. Elastoderma.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0190-9622(96)90302-3
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Dermal granulomatous inflammation was identified immediately adjacent to seven (77%) of nine atypical fibroxanthomas arising in sun damaged skin. Concomitant elastophagocytosis was observed in five (56%) of these seven patients. Similar inflammation with elastophagocytosis was found in association with only two (6%) of 36 epithelial tumours arising on the same background (10 basal and 10 squamous cell carcinomas, 10 nodular malignant melanomas, and six keratocanthomas). Granulomatous inflammation is an unusual dermal reaction to tumour and elastophagocytosis is rare. The fact that both of these features occur with inordinate frequency in association with atypical fibroxanthomas, when compared with other, more common skin tumours, suggests that atypical fibroxanthomas might modulate the inflammatory response, either passively, by its dermal location, or actively, by secreting locally effective cytokines.
A general theoretical framework known as the strain filter has been previously used to evaluate the performance in elastography. The strain filter describes the relationship among the resolution, dynamic range, sensitivity and elastographic SNR (SNRe), and may be plotted as a graph of the upper bound of the SNRe vs. the strain experienced by the tissue, for a desired elastographic axial resolution as determined by the data window length. The ideal strain filter has an infinitely high, flat all-pass characteristic shape in the strain domain, which means that all local tissue strains are displayed in the elastogram with infinite SNRe; it also means that the strain dynamic range in the elastogram is infinite as well. Practical strain filters obtained using a single tissue compression have a bandpass characteristic shape in the strain domain, where the -3 dB width of this bandpass characteristic may be defined as the elastographic dynamic range. In this paper, we present an optimal technique for stretching multicompression elastography, practiced by selecting the optimum incremental applied strain using the strain filter. Two techniques, temporal stretching and multicompression elastography, are combined in this paper to improve elastogram quality. Stretching multicompression elastography using the optimal applied strain increment alters the shape of the strain filter from its bandpass characteristic to a more desirable high-emphasis filter. The dynamic range of optimal stretching multicompress on elastography is limited only by tissue nonlinearities. This optimal applied strain increment minimizes signal decorrelation and achieves the maximum achievable elastographic SNRe.