PubMed · 8694231
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S I Lerman. 1996. The Hayek Oscillator.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1996.tb12587.x
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Balloon counterpulsation has gained widespread acceptance as a therapy for cardiogenic shock. However, over the past four decades a parallel method of noninvasive counterpulsation, enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP), has been defined and developed. Mechanisms of benefit for this technology continue to emerge and include enhanced coronary and other key target organ perfusion beds. Other mechanisms include angiogenesis and enhanced cellular metabolism. Beyond putative mechanisms there is ample evidence for improved and sustained outcomes in patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction. This evidence comes from long-term registry reports and randomized clinical trials. With respect to heart failure (HF), there is registry, pilot trial, and randomized clinical trial evidence of safety and efficacy. This paper summarizes some of the mechanisms and outcomes of EECP in HF patients and helps to elucidate the role of EECP in the management of patients with chronic HF.
Noise of ECP (external counterpulsation) comes from the frequent movement of the electromagnetic valve iron core hitting the top of the valve body and the orifice of the bottom, and the high pressure and large air stream rubbing the orifice. This article studies the method to reduce mechanical noise of the electromagnetic valve core, that is to reduce the above movement energy and the hitting force. The method is used in ECP devices with grafying results. This noise controlling technology may reduce the noise of the electromagnetic valve from higher than 50dB to less than 25dB.