PubMed · 8714409
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J Hankiss. 1996-02-11. [Relationship between physicians and art].. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8714409/
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The rapid growth of medical knowledge during the past few decades has created many potential advances in the therapeutics of chronic disease, and cardiovascular disease has been at the center of this phenomenon. Translation of these advances into everyday care of patients with chronic disease continues to be problematic. Guideline development has emerged as a major strategy to improve utilization of new and existing therapeutic modalities of proven benefit. To be effective, practice guidelines must not only clearly delineate which therapies are efficacious, but also consider the many practical aspects necessary for implementation of specific therapeutics in the actual care of patients. In this way, both the art and the science of medicine can be employed to obtain better patient outcomes in cardiovascular diseases long associated with severe mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. This review examines the difficulties inherent in translating new advances into standards of care. The recent guideline process for a specific chronic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, is used for illustration of the translation process.
The application of culture-independent techniques based on molecular biological methods, especially on the PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes, attempts to overcome some shortcomings of conventional cultivation methods and reveals far more complex bacterial communities on art objects than can be shown by cultivation methods. One of the major challenges of investigating microbial growth on art objects by molecular means is the extraction of DNA, due to small sample amounts and PCR inhibitors. In the present study, we introduce a DNA extraction protocol, which allowed the extraction of PCR-amplifiable DNA from samples derived from lime wall paintings and loamy soil underground. The DNA extracts were used to amplify 16S ribosomal fragments, which were subsequently analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In parallel with the DGGE analysis, clone libraries containing PCR fragments of the ribosomal gene were constructed and clones were screened by DGGE. Clone libraries allow the inclusion of the entire 16S rDNA sequence in the phylogenetic analyses of microorganisms, providing a more reliable phylogenetic identification of microorganisms than is obtained from sequence analyses of excised and directly sequenced DGGE bands.