PubMed · 8772895
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
L N Taneja. 1995. Dopamine dosing.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8772895/
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
This chapter addresses whether a fat-modified diet as implemented by special intervention participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial affected intake of vitamins and minerals, and whether nutritional adequacy was altered by this dietary intervention. Despite likely underreporting of intake, for men in the special intervention group, most mean intakes of 15 micronutrients estimated from 24-h recalls were above established recommended dietary allowances. A few means were slightly below; lowest was zinc at 77% (from 98% at baseline) followed by calcium at 79% (from 102% at baseline). Calculated as nutrient densities (per 1000 kcal), nutrients that were below indexes of nutritional quality (the corresponding standard based on nutrient density) during follow-up, although not reduced below baseline by this measure, were vitamin D, calcium, iron (marginally), and zinc. Analyses by food groups indicated that intake of these nutrients might have been improved by greater replacement of high- and medium-fat dairy products with low-fat dairy products (for vitamin D and calcium) and of high-fat meats with low-fat meats, fish, or poultry (for iron and zinc), or (because iron was adequate) by increasing consumption of vegetables and whole-grain products. The safety of the eating pattern was further confirmed by more favorable micronutrient profiles in men who adhered best to the intervention program, as measured by degree of serum cholesterol reduction and weight loss.
This chapter describes dietary composition according to cigarette smoking status at baseline and changes in smoking status during follow-up for men in the special intervention (SI) and usual care (UC) groups of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Five patterns of smoking behavior were defined: 1) sustained nonsmoking, 2) early (years 1-2 of the trial) sustained quitting, 3) late (years 3-6 of the trial) sustained quitting, 4) recidivism, and 5) continued smoking. SI men who quit smoking showed greater favorable changes in dietary lipid composition and micronutrient intake than did continued smokers, and these changes were in many instances as great as favorable changes made by nonsmokers. On the other hand, SI men who quit smoking gained an average of 3.8 lb (1.7 kg), in contrast with nonsmokers who lost an average of 6.4 lb (2.9 kg). The gain by SI quitters was, however, less than that by UC quitters, who gained 6.5 lb (3.0 kg). Moreover, despite weight gain, net change in high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol for SI quitters was positive. With the associated decrease in low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, early SI quitters had the most improvement in ratio of LDL to HDL among all subgroups. Thus, unfavorable nutritional patterns of smokers put them at double jeopardy regarding cardiovascular and other chronic diseases; additionally, long-term risks can be improved not only by smoking cessation but also by achievement of healthier eating patterns.
The regulation of gluconeogenesis by low birth weight infants remains poorly delineated. To investigate this, 15 5-d-old infants (26-31-wk gestational age, 795-1485-g body weight), were infused i.v. for 4 h with uniformly labeled [U-13C]glucose (5 mg/kg/min) as the sole source of glucose. Intralipid (3 mg/kg/ min) was provided, but no amino acids were given. Blood samples were taken immediately before and after 4 h of tracer infusion. The isotopic enrichments of plasma glucose and alanine were measured by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Glucose production rates were calculated from the isotopic dilution of plasma [U-13C]glucose and the glucose infusion rate. Gluconeogenesis was estimated from the relative isotopic enrichments of [M + 3]- and [M + 6]-glucose, using the isotopic enrichment of plasma [U-13C]alanine, to define the isotopic dilution of the 3-carbon pool, and previously published equations to calculate the isotopic dilution of hepatic oxaloacetate. Glucose production (15 +/- 9 mumol/kg/min) was negatively related to body weight (r = -0.67; p < 0.05) and the ratio of the isotopic enrichments of [13C3]alanine:[13C6]glucose (0.27 +/- 0.07) was positively related to body weight (r = 0.74; p < 0.025). Both relationships were exponential. Gluconeogenesis (via pyruvate) accounted for 72 +/- 28% of glucose production, and gluconeogenesis per unit body weight was negatively and exponentially (r = -0.82; p < 0.005) related to body weight. These results demonstrate that neonates whose birth weights are less than 1200 g have a particularly high glucose production rate secondary to enhanced gluconeogenesis. We speculate that these results reflect a high weight-specific glucose demand that is met by up-regulation of gluconeogenesis.